Histone methyltransferase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides certain angular tricyclic compounds that are histone methyltransferases G9a and/or GLP inhibitors and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of G9a and/or GLP such as cancers and hemoglobinpathies (e.g., beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease). Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified, for example, in the Application Data Sheet or Request as filed with the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57, and Rules 4.18 and 20.6.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure provides certain angular tricyclic compounds that are histone methyltransferases G9a and/or GLP inhibitors, and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of G9a and/or GLP such as cancers and hemoglobinpathies (e.g., beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease). Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.

BACKGROUND

Chromatin modification plays an essential role in transcriptional regulation. These modifications, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation, are important in a variety of biological processes including protein production and cellular differentiation, and are emerging as attractive drug targets in various human diseases. Two particular enzymes associated with histone methylation are G9a and GLP, also known as EHMT2 and EHMT1 (Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 and 1). G9a and GLP are the primary enzymes for mono- and dimethylation at Lys 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me1 and H3K9me2), and exist predominantly as a G9a-GLP heteromeric complex that appears to be a functional H3K9 methyltransferase in vivo. Structurally, either G9a or GLP is composed of a catalytic SET domain, a domain containing ankyrin repeats (involved in protein-protein interactions) and nuclear localization signals on the N-terminal region. The SET domain is responsible for the addition of methyl groups on H3, whereas the ankyrin repeats have been observed to represent mono- and dimethyl lysine binding regions. The G9a-GLP complex is thus not only able to both methylate histone tails but also able to recognize this modification, and can function as a scaffold for the recruitment of other target molecules on the chromatin [see Shinkai et al., Genes Dev. 2011 Apr. 15; 25(8):781-8. doi: 10.1101/gad.2027411. H3K9 methyltransferase G9a and the related molecule GLP; and Shankar et al., Epigenetics. 2013 January; 8(1):16-22. doi:10.4161/epi.23331. G9a, a multipotent regulator of gene expression].

Many studies have reported that G9a and GLP play critical roles in various biological processes. Several reports have highlighted its link to a variety of cancers [see Cascielle et al., Front Immunol. 2015 Sep. 25; 6:487. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00487. Functional Role of G9a Histone Methyltransferase in Cancer]. It is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and lung cancers. In addition, elevated expression of G9a in aggressive lung cancer correlates with poor prognosis, while its knockdown in highly invasive lung cancer cells suppressed metastasis in an in vivo mouse model. In prostate cancer cells (PC3), G9a knockdown caused significant morphological changes and inhibition of cell growth. [see Liu et al., J. Med Chem. 2013 Nov. 14; 56(21):8931-42. doi: 10.1021/jm401480r. Epub 2013 Oct. 31. Discovery of an in vivo chemical probe of the lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; and Sweis et al., ACS Med Chem Lett. 2014 Jan. 2; 5(2):205-9. doi: 10.1021/m1400496h. eCollection 2014. Discovery and development of potent and selective inhibitors of histone methyltransferase g9a.] Loss of G9a has been demonstrated to impair DNA damage repair and enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapeutics. See Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2017, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1700694114.

Interestingly, recent studies have also shown that the inhibition of G9a and GLP by either genetic depletion or pharmacological intervention increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) gene expression in erythroid cells [see Krivega et al., Blood. 2015 Jul. 30; 126(5):665-72. Inhibition of G9a methyltransferase stimulates fetal hemoglobin production by facilitating LCR/γ-globin looping; and Renneville et al., Blood. 2015 Oct. 15; 126(16):1930-9. EHMT1 and EHMT2 inhibition induces fetal hemoglobin expression]. Inducing fetal globin gene would be potentially therapeutically beneficial for the disease of hemoglobinpathies, including beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease where the production of normal β-globin, a component of adult hemoglobin, is impaired. [see Sankaran et al., Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 January; 3(1): a011643. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011643 The Switch from Fetal to Adult Hemoglobin]. Moreover, G9a or GLP inhibitions may potentiate other clinically used therapies, such as hydroxyurea or HDAC inhibitors. These agents may act, at least in part, by increasing γ-globin gene expression through different mechanisms [see Charache et al., Blood. 1992 May 15; 79(10):2555-65. Hydroxyurea: effects on hemoglobin F production in patients with sickle cell anemia]. Thus, there is a need for the development of small molecules that are capable of inhibiting the activity of G9a and/or GLP. The compounds of the present disclosure fulfill this and related needs.

SUMMARY

In one aspect provided is a compound of Formula (I):

where:

Z¹ and Z² are independently C (when R² or R³ is attached thereto), CH, or N;

alk is alkylene wherein one or two carbon atoms of the alkylene chain are optionally replaced by NR, O, S, or SO₂ (where R is hydrogen or alkyl), and the alkylene chain is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, and alkoxy, and wherein -alk-R¹ is attached to carbon (a) or (b);

R¹ is —NR⁶R⁷ (where R⁶ and R⁷ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxyalkyl), unsubstituted heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, and haloalkylcarbonyl, or spiroheterocycloamino wherein a nitrogen atom of the spiroheterocycloamino is attached to alk;

R² is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cyano;

R³ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, or cyano;

R⁴ is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl (optionally substituted with one to nine deuteriums), cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy), cycloalkenyl, phenyl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy), heteroaryl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy), —OR^(d) (where R^(d) is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), or NR^(e)R^(f) (where R^(e) is hydrogen or alkyl and R^(f) is hydrogen, alkyl, deuterated alkyl, alkylthioalkyl, acyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), wherein the cycloalkyl, the aryl, the heteroaryl, and the heterocyclyl either alone or as part of the cycloalkylalkyl, the aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl and the heterocyclylalkyl in R^(d) and R^(f) are independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, and haloalkoxy, and wherein the alkylene of the aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl, the heterocyclylalkyl, and the cycloalkylalkyl in R^(d) and R^(f) is optionally substituted with one to nine deuteriums;

X is carbon or nitrogen; and

ring B is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one, two, or three heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocycloamino, or 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated heterocyclyl, wherein each of the ring(s) of ring B is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, cyano, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided the compound of Formula (I) is not:

5-aminobenzo[f][1,7]naphthyridine-8-methanamine or

10-ethoxy-8-(morpholinomethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-5-ol; or

a salt thereof.

In a second aspect, this disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In a third aspect, this disclosure is directed to a method of treating a disease treatable by inhibition of G9a and/or GLP in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a therapeutically effective amount, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the disease can be a hemoglobinpathy, such as beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. See Krivega et al., Blood, 2015; 126(5):665-72 and Renneville et al., Blood. 2015 Oct. 15; 126(16):1930-9. In a second embodiment, the disease can be a cancer or tumor, for example, a cancer or tumor where G9a or GLP can be overexpressed. Examples of such cancers and tumors include, but are not limited to: Colorectal Cancer, Osteosarcoma Cancer, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL); Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Kaposi Sarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); AIDS-Related Lymphoma (Lymphoma); Primary CNS Lymphoma; Anal Cancer; Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors; Astrocytomas; Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor; Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin; Bile Duct Cancer; Bladder Cancer; Bone Cancer (includes Ewing Sarcoma and Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma); Brain Tumors; Breast Cancer; Bronchial Tumors—Burkitt Lymphoma; Cardiac Tumors; Embryonal Tumors (Brain Cancer); Germ Cell Tumor (Brain Cancer); Primary CNS Lymphoma; Cervical Cancer; Cholangiocarcinoma; Chordoma; Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL); Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML); Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms; Colorectal Cancer; Craniopharyngioma (Brain Cancer); Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma; Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS); Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer); Ependymoma (Brain Cancer); Esophageal Cancer; Esthesioneuroblastoma; Ewing Sarcoma (Bone Cancer); Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor; Eye Cancer; Intraocular Melanoma; Retinoblastoma; Fallopian Tube Cancer; Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; Gallbladder Cancer; Gastric (Stomach) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); CNS Germ Cell Tumors (Brain Cancer); Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors; Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors; Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors; Testicular Cancer; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease; Hairy Cell Leukemia; Head and Neck Cancer; Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer; Histiocytosis, Langerhans Cell; Hodgkin Lymphoma; Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Intraocular Melanoma; Islet Cell Tumors, Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors; Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer; Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis; Laryngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Leukemia; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell and Small Cell); Lymphoma; Male Breast Cancer; Melanoma; Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Skin Cancer); Mesothelioma, Malignant Mesothelioma; Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary (Head and Neck Cancer); Midline Tract Carcinoma Involving NUT Gene; Mouth Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes; Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasms; Mycosis Fungoides (Lymphoma); Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms; Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic (CML); Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Chronic; Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Nasopharyngeal Cancer—Neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; Oral Cancer; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer and Oropharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Ovarian Cancer; Pancreatic Cancer; Papillomatosis; Paraganglioma; Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Parathyroid Cancer; Penile Cancer; Pharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Pheochromocytoma; Pituitary Tumor; Plasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple Myeloma; Pleuropulmonary Blastoma; Pregnancy and Breast Cancer; Primary CNS Lymphoma; Primary Peritoneal Cancer; Prostate Cancer; Rectal Cancer; Recurrent Cancer; Rhabdomyosarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); Salivary Gland Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Salivary Gland Tumors; Vascular Tumors (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); Uterine Sarcoma; Sézary Syndrome (Lymphoma); Small Intestine Cancer; Soft Tissue Sarcoma; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin; Skin Cancer; Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, Metastatic (Head and Neck Cancer); T-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous; Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome); Throat Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Nasopharyngeal Cancer; Oropharyngeal Cancer; Hypopharyngeal Cancer; Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma; Thyroid Cancer; Urethral Cancer; Vaginal Cancer; Vascular Tumors (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); Vulvar Cancer; Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); and Wilms Tumor. Thus, the terms “cancerous cell,” “cancer cell” or “tumor cell” as provided herein, includes a cell afflicted by any one of or related to the above identified conditions. See Cascielle et al., Front. Immunol. 2015; 6:487, Agarwal et al., Cancer Letters 2016: 467 and Zhang et al., Oncotarget 2015, 6(5): 2917. In a third embodiment, treating a cancer and/or tumor comprises increasing tumor free survival and/or reducing tumor mass and/or slowing tumor growth. In a fourth embodiment, the disease can be a cancer predisposition syndrome, such as Cowden syndrome. See You et al., Cancer Cell, 2012; 22(1):9-20. In a fifth embodiment, the disease can be an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disease, such as intestinal inflammation, arthritis, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Crohn's disease, graft-versus-host disease, psoriasis, granulomatous colitis, lymphocyte colitis, collagenous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Coeliac Disease, subepidermal blistering disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, active chronic hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and vasculitis. See Antignano et al., J. Clin. Invest. 2014 4(5): 1945-55. In a sixth embodiment, the disease can be a metabolic disease, such as diabetes and/or obesity. See Wang et al., EMBO J. 2013; 32(1):45-59. In a seventh embodiment, the disease can be related to skeletal muscle development and regeneration. See Ling et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2012; 109(3):841-6. In an eighth embodiment, the disease can be a viral disease, such as HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) and HBV (Hepatitis B Virus). See Imai et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2010; 285(22):16538-45 and Merkling et al., PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11(4). The compounds and compositions described herein can be administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents including, but not limited to, anticancer agents and antiviral agents. See, e.g., Front Immunol. 2015; 6:487; Agarwal et al., Cancer Lett. 2016:467 and Zhang et al., Oncotarget 2015, 6(5):2917.

In a fourth aspect provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the treatment of the diseases provided in the third aspect herein.

In a fifth aspect, this disclosure is directed to a method of inhibiting G9a and/or GLP, comprising contacting a cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the cell suffers from one or more of the diseases provided in the third aspect herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in the specification and claims are defined for the purposes of this Application and have the following meaning:

“Alkyl” means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (straight-chained or branched), hexyl (straight-chained or branched), and the like.

“Alkylene” means a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms unless otherwise stated, e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, 1-methylpropylene, 2-methylpropylene, butylene, pentylene, and the like.

“Alkylthioalkyl” means a —RSR′ radical where R and R′ are independently an alkyl as defined above.

“Alkoxy” means a —OR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, or 2-propoxy, n-, iso-, or tert-butoxy, and the like.

“Alkoxyalkyl” means alkyl as defined above which is substituted with one or two alkoxy groups as defined above, e.g., methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, and the like.

“Alkylcarbonyl” or “Acyl” means a —COR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, and the like.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” means a —C(═O)OR radical where —R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the like.

“Alkoxycarbonylalkyl” means alkyl as defined above which is substituted with one or two alkoxycarbonyl groups as defined above, e.g., methoxycarbonylethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, methoxycarbonylpropyl, and the like.

“Aryl” means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 10 ring atoms, e.g., phenyl or naphthyl.

“Aralkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is aryl as defined above, e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, and the like.

“Aminoalkyl” means a -(alkylene)-NR′R″ radical where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or alkyl as defined above.

“Alkylamino” means a —NHR′ radical where R′ is alkyl as defined above.

“Cycloalkyl” means a cyclic saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to ten carbon atoms, unless stated otherwise, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is cycloalkyl as defined above, e.g., cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic hydrocarbon radical of three to ten carbon atoms containing a double bond, unless stated otherwise, e.g., cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and the like.

“Cyanoalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined above that is substituted with a cyano group.

“Carboxy” means a —C(═O)OH group.

“Carboxyalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined above that is substituted with a carboxy group.

“5- or 6-Membered cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic hydrocarbon radical of five or six carbon atoms containing a double bond.

“Deuterated alkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined above that is substituted with one, two or three deuterium atoms.

“Dialkylamino” means a —NRR′ radical where R and R′ are alkyl as defined above.

“Halo” or “halogen” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo, preferably fluoro or chloro.

“Haloalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined above, which is substituted with one or more halogen atoms, such as one to five halogen atoms, such as fluorine or chlorine, including those substituted with different halogens, e.g., —CH₂Cl, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CF(CH₃)₂, and the like. When the alkyl is substituted with only fluoro, it can be referred to in this Application as fluoroalkyl.

“Haloalkoxy” means a —OR radical where R is haloalkyl as defined above, e.g., —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, and the like. When the haloalkyl of a haloalkoxy is an alkyl substituted with only fluoro, the haloalkoxy is referred to in this Application as fluoroalkoxy.

“Haloalkoxyalkyl” means alkyl as defined above which is substituted with one or two haloalkoxy groups as defined above, e.g., trifluormethoxyethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxyethyl, and the like.

“Haloalkylcarbonyl” means a —COR radical where R is haloalkyl as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethylcarbonyl, pentafluoroethylcarbonyl, and the like.

“Hydroxyalkyl” means alkyl as defined above which is substituted with one or two hydroxy groups as defined above, e.g., hydroxyethyl, hydroxyethyl, 1,3-dihydroxypropyl, and the like.

“Halocycloalkyl” means cycloalkyl group as defined above which is substituted with one, two or three halogen as defined above, e.g., 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, and the like.

“Heterocyclyl” means a saturated or unsaturated monovalent monocyclic group of 4 to 8 ring atoms in which one or two ring atoms are heteroatom independently selected from N, O, and S(O)_(n), where n is an integer from 0 to 2, and the remaining ring atoms are C, unless stated otherwise. Additionally, one or two ring carbon atoms in the heterocyclyl ring can optionally be replaced by a —C(═O)— group. More specifically the term heterocyclyl includes, but is not limited to, pyrrolidino, piperidino, homopiperidino, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, morpholino, piperazino, dihydropyranyl, thiomorpholino, and the like. When the heterocyclyl ring is unsaturated it can contain one or two ring double bonds provided that the ring is not aromatic. When the heterocyclyl group contains at least one nitrogen atom (e.g., pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, and oxazolidine), the heterocyclyl ring can also be referred to herein as heterocycloamino and is a subset of the heterocyclyl group. When the heterocyclyl ring has no double bond, it is referred to herein as saturated heterocyclyl.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” or “heterocycloalkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is heterocyclyl ring as defined above, e.g., tetrahydrofuranylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl, morpholinylethyl, and the like.

“5-, 6-, or 7-Membered heterocycloalkenyl or heterocyclylalkenyl” means a cyclic hydrocarbon radical of five, six, or seven carbon atoms containing a double bond and wherein one or two carbon atoms are independently replaced by N, O, or S(O). where n is an integer from 0 to 2.

“Heteroaryl” means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic radical of 5 to 10 ring atoms, unless otherwise stated, where one or more, (in one embodiment, one, two, or three), ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, and S, the remaining ring atoms being carbon. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and the like. When the heteroaryl ring contains 5- or 6 ring atoms, it is also referred to herein as 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.

“Heteroaralkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is heteroaryl as defined above, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, and the like. When the heteroaryl ring in heteroaralkyl contains 5 or 6 ring atoms, the heteroaralkyl is also referred to herein as 5-or 6-membered heteroaralkyl.

“Oxo” means a ═(O) radical. As would be readily apparent to one of skill in the art, “carbonyl” refers to an oxo radical attached to a carbon atom, i.e., —C(═O)—.

“Spiroheterocycloamino” means a saturated bicyclic ring having 7 to 10 ring atoms in which one, two, or three ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, N-oxide, O, and S(O)_(n), where n is an integer from 0 to 2, the remaining ring atoms being C, provided that at least one ring atom is N, and the rings are connected through only one atom. The connecting atom is also called the spiroatom, and is most often a quaternary carbon (“spiro carbon”).

“Spirocycloalkyl” means a saturated bicyclic ring having 7 to 10 carbon ring atoms wherein the rings are connected through only one atom. The connecting atom is also called the spiroatom, and is most often a quaternary carbon (“spiro carbon”).

It will be well recognized by a person skilled in the art that when ring B is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or spirocycloalkyl, the carbon atoms in these rings that are shared with the adjacent ring (i.e., ring substituted with R⁴ in Formula I) are sp² carbons.

The present disclosure also includes protected derivatives of compounds of the present disclosure. For example, when compounds of the present disclosure contain groups such as hydroxy, carboxy, thiol or any group containing a nitrogen atom(s), these groups can be protected with a suitable protecting group. A comprehensive list of suitable protective groups can be found in T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1999), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The protected derivatives of compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared by methods well known in the art.

The present disclosure also includes polymorphic forms and deuterated forms of the compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a compound means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include:

acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4′-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or

salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. It is understood that the pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic. Additional information on suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The compounds of the present disclosure may have asymmetric centers. Compounds of the present disclosure containing an asymmetrically substituted atom may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of materials. All chiral, diastereomeric, all mixtures of chiral or diastereomeric forms, and racemic forms are within the scope of this disclosure, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated. It will also be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that when a compound is denoted as (R) stereoisomer, it may contain the corresponding (S) stereoisomer as an impurity, i.e., the (S) stereoisomer in less than about 5%, preferably 2% by wt. and then it is denoted as a mixture of R and S isomers, the amounts of R or S isomer in the mixture is greater than about 5%, preferably 2% w/w.

Certain compounds of the present disclosure can exist as tautomers and/or geometric isomers. All possible tautomers and cis and trans isomers, as individual forms and mixtures thereof are within the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, as used herein the term alkyl includes all the possible isomeric forms of said alkyl group albeit only a few examples are set forth. Furthermore, when the cyclic groups such as aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl are substituted, they include all the positional isomers albeit only a few examples are set forth. Furthermore, all hydrates of a compound of the present disclosure are within the scope of this disclosure.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may but need not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “heterocyclyl group optionally substituted with an alkyl group” means that the alkyl may but need not be present, and the description includes situations where the heterocyclyl group is substituted with an alkyl group and situations where the heterocyclyl group is not substituted with alkyl.

It is to be understood that where compounds disclosed herein have unfilled valencies, then the valencies are to be filled with hydrogen.

Also provided herein are isotopologues (isotopically labeled analogues) of the compounds described herein. Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. In some embodiments, at any position of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that has a hydrogen, the hydrogen atom can be replaced with hydrogen-2 (deuterium) or hydrogen-3 (tritium).

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” means a carrier or an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes a carrier or an excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. “A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier/excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such excipient.

A “subject” refers to an animal that is the object of treatment, observation or experiment. “Animal” includes cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates and invertebrates such as fish, shellfish, reptiles and, in particular, mammals. “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cows, horses, primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees and apes, and, in particular, humans. In some embodiments, the subject can be human. In some embodiments, the subject can be a child and/or an infant, for example, a child or infant with a fever. In other embodiments, the subject can be an adult.

“Treating” or “treatment” of a disease includes:

(1) preventing the disease, i.e., causing the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a mammal that may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease;

(2) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting or reducing the development of the disease or its clinical symptoms; or

(3) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease or its clinical symptoms.

A “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated.

Embodiments

In further embodiments 1-54 below, the present disclosure includes:

-   1. In embodiment 1, the compounds of Formula (I), or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are as defined in the     Summary. -   2. In embodiment 2, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein ring B     is phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k),     R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are     independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl,     and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 2, in one group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is phenyl     substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m)     wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected     from methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, and     trifluoromethoxy. Within embodiment 2, in another group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is     phenyl. -   3. In embodiment 3, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein ring B     is an unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl or a 5- or     6-membered cycloalkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j),     R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are     independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl,     and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 3, ring B is cyclopentyl,     cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(j) and R^(k)     wherein R^(j) and R^(k) are independently selected from fluoro,     hydroxy, and methyl, or cyclohexyl substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(j)     and R^(k) wherein R^(j) and R^(k) are independently selected from     fluoro, hydroxy, and methyl. Within embodiment 3, in one group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is

unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 3, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is

unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(j) and R^(k) wherein R^(j) and R^(k) are independently selected from fluoro, hydroxy, and methyl. Within embodiment 3, in yet another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is

unsubstituted or substituted with one or two methyl groups. Within embodiment 3, in yet another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is:

preferably

-   4. In embodiment 4, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein ring B     is an unsubstituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclyl or a     5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclyl substituted with 1, 2,     3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k),     R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy,     alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 4 in yet     another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, ring B is:

each ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 4, in another one group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

ring B is

each ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(j) and R^(k) wherein R^(j) and R^(k) are independently selected from fluoro, chloro, hydroxy, and methyl. Within embodiment 4, in yet another group of compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is:

each ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two methyl groups. Within embodiment 4, in yet another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is:

each ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one to four methyl groups. Within embodiment 4, in yet another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is:

-   5. In embodiment 5, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein ring B     is an unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl or a 5- or     6-membered heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j),     R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are     independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl,     and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 5, in one group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is pyridinyl,     pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, or isoxazolyl either unsubstituted     or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m)     wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected     from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy. Within     embodiment 5, in another one group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is pyridinyl,     pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, or isoxazolyl either unsubstituted     or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(j) and R^(k) wherein R^(j) and     R^(k) are independently selected from fluoro, chloro, hydroxy, and     methyl. Within embodiment 5, in yet another group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is pyridinyl,     pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, or isoxazolyl either unsubstituted     or substituted with one or two methyl groups. Within embodiment 5,     in yet another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, ring B is pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl,     or isoxazolyl, preferably

-   6. In embodiment 6, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein ring B     is a spirocycloalkyl or a spiroheterocycloamino, wherein each of the     rings is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j),     R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are     independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl,     and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 6, in a group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein ring B     is a spirocycloalkyl wherein each of the rings is unsubstituted or     substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m)     wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected     from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy. Within     embodiment 6, in one group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, ring B is:

each ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 6, in a group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein ring B is a spiroheterocycloamino, wherein each of the rings is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.

-   7. In embodiment 7, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to 6     and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, are those wherein Z¹ and Z² are independently C or CH.     Within the groups of compounds in embodiment 7 in one group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, Z¹ and Z²     are each CH. Within the groups of compounds in embodiment 7, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in one another group of     compounds, Z¹ and Z² are each CH and -alk-R¹ is attached to     carbon (a) in Formula (I). Within the groups of compounds in     embodiment 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in yet     another group of compounds Z¹ and Z² are each CH and -alk-R¹ is     attached to carbon (a), and R² is attached to carbon (b) in Formula     (I). -   8. In embodiment 8, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to 6     and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, are those wherein one of Z¹ and Z² is N and the other is C     or CH. In embodiment 8, in another group of compounds, the compounds     of any one of embodiments 1 to 6 and groups contained therein, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein Z¹ and     Z² are each N (nitrogen). Within the groups of compounds in     embodiment 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in one     another group of compounds, -alk-R¹ is attached to carbon (a) in     Formula (I). Within the groups of compounds in embodiment 8, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in another group of     compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, -alk-R¹ is     attached to carbon (a), and R² is attached to carbon (b) in Formula     (I). -   9. In embodiment 9, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to 8     and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, are those wherein alk in -(alk)-R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—*, —(CH₂)₃—*,     —(CH₂)₄—*, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—*, *—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —O—(CH₂)—*,     —O—(CH₂)₂—*, —O—(CH₂)₃—*, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—* —OCH₂CH(F)CH₂—*,     —OCH₂CH(OCH₃)CH₂—* or —OCH₂CH(OCF₃)CH₂—*, preferably alk is     —(CH₂)₂—*, —(CH₂)₃—*, —(CH₂)₄—*, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—*, —O—(CH₂)₂—*, or     —O—(CH₂)₃—*, more preferably alk is —O—(CH₂)₃—*, wherein the *     indicates the point of attachment to —R¹. Within embodiment 9, in     one group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, R¹ is —NR⁶R⁷ where —NR⁶R⁷ is amino, methylamino,     ethylamino, dimethylamino, or diethylamino. Within embodiment 9, or     a pharmaceutically acceptably salt thereof, R¹ is an unsubstituted     heterocyclyl. Within embodiment 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, R¹ is heterocyclyl substituted with 1, 2,     or 3 of R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are     independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and halo.     Preferably, R¹ is a saturated heterocyclyl such as azetidin-1-yl,     pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl,     or tetrahydrofuranyl, and each heterocyclyl is unsubstituted or     substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(a) and R^(b) wherein R^(a) and R^(b)     are independently selected from methyl, hydroxy, methoxy, and     fluoro. Within embodiment 9, in another group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, -alk-R¹ is     —O—(CH₂)₃-pyrrolidin-1-yl, —O—(CH₂)₃-piperidin-1-yl, or     —O—(CH₂)₃-morpholin-4-yl wherein the pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl     and morpholin-4-yl of —O—(CH₂)₃-pyrrolidin-1-yl,     —O—(CH₂)₃-piperidin-1-yl, and —O—(CH₂)₃-morpholin-4-yl are     unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(a) and R^(b) wherein     R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from methyl, hydroxy,     methoxy, and fluoro. Within embodiment 9, in yet another group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, -alk-R¹ is     —O—(CH₂)₃—R¹ where R¹ is pyrrolidin-1-yl,     3-hydroxy-3-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylazetidin-1-yl,     3-fluoroazetidinyl, 3-fluoropyrrolidinyl, 3(R)-fluoropyrrolidinyl,     3(S)-fluoropyrrolidinyl, or 3,3-dimethylpyrrodin-1-yl, preferably     pyrrolidin-1-yl. In embodiment 9, the compounds of any one of     embodiments 1 to 8 and groups contained therein, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein -alk-R¹     is —O—(CH₂)—R¹ where R¹ is 1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl or     1-methylpiperidin-3-yl. -   10. In embodiment 10, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to 9     and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, are those wherein R² is alkyl, halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy.     Within embodiment 10, in one group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R² is alkyl, halo or     alkoxy. Within embodiment 10, in another group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R² is alkoxy, preferably     methoxy or ethoxy. Within embodiment 10, in one group of compounds,     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R² is halo,     preferably chloro or fluoro. Within embodiment 10, in one group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R² is     alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. -   11. In embodiment 11, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is hydrogen. -   12. In embodiment 12, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is alkyl, preferably methyl or     isopropyl. -   13. In embodiment 13, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is —OR^(d) (where R^(d) is     hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl,     heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl),     wherein the cycloalkyl, the aryl, the heteroaryl, and the     heterocyclyl either alone or as part of the cycloalkylalkyl, the     aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl and the heterocyclylalkyl in R^(d) is     unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and     R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently selected     from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, and haloalkoxy.     Within embodiment 13, in one group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —O-alkyl, preferably     R⁴ is methoxy, ethoxy, or n-propoxy, or isopropoxy. Within     embodiment 13, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —O-cycloalkyl, preferably R⁴ is     cyclopropoxy, cyclopentoxy, or cyclohexyloxy. Within embodiment 13,     in yet another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, R⁴ is —O-heterocyclyl unsubstituted or substituted     with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and     R^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo,     haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is piperidin-4-yloxy,     tetrahydropyran-4-yloxy, tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy, or     1-alkylpiperidin-4-yloxy. Within embodiment 13, in one group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is     hydroxy. -   14. In embodiment 14, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is NR^(e)R^(f) (where R^(e) is     hydrogen or alkyl, and R^(f) is hydrogen, alkyl, cyanoalkyl,     carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonlyalkyl, deuterated alkyl, alkylthioalkyl,     acyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl,     cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl,     heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl) wherein the cycloalkyl, the     aryl, the heteroaryl, and the heterocyclyl either alone or as part     of the cycloalkylalkyl, the aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl and the     heterocyclylalkyl in R^(f) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1,     2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i)     are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo,     haloalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, and haloalkoxy. Within     embodiment 14, in one group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is NR^(e)R^(f) (where R^(e) is hydrogen     or alkyl, and R^(f) is alkyl, cyanoalkyl, carboxyalkyl,     alkoxycarbonylalkyl, deuterated alkyl, alkylthioalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,     cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl,     heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl) wherein the     cycloalkyl, the aryl, the heteroaryl, and the heterocyclyl either     alone or as part of the cycloalkylalkyl, the aralkyl, the     heteroaralkyl and the heterocyclylalkyl in R^(f) is unsubstituted or     substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein     R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently selected from alkyl,     hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,     and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds,     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NRe-alkyl,     preferably R⁴ is —NH-alkyl or —N(alkyl)-alkyl, preferably R⁴ is     —NH-methyl, —NH-ethyl, —NH-n-propyl, —NH-isopropyl,     —N(methyl)(isopropyl), —NH-n-butyl, —NH-isobutyl, —NH-tert-butyl,     —NH—*CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ (where *C is (R) or (S)), or NH-pentyl (all     isomers) more preferably —NH-methyl, —NH-ethyl, —NH-n-propyl, or     —NH-isopropyl. Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds,     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is     —NRe-cyanoalkyl, preferably R⁴ is —NH-(CH₂)₂—CN or —NH—(CH₂)₃—CN.     Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NRe-carboxyalkyl,     preferably R⁴ is —NH—(CH)—C(═O)OH. Within embodiment 14, in another     group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,     R⁴ is —NRe-alkoxycarbonylalkyl, preferably R⁴ is     —NH—(CH)—C(═O)—(CH₂)—CH₃. Within embodiment 14, in another group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is     —NRe-(deterated alkyl), preferably R⁴ is —NH—CD(CH₃)₂ (where D is     deuterium). Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or     a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is     —NRe-alkylthioalkyl, preferably R⁴ is —NH—(CH₂)₂—S—CH₃. Within     embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NRe-cycloalkyl, wherein the     cycloalkyl is either unsubstituted or substituted with one or two of     R^(g) or R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h) are independently selected     from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxycarbonyl, halo,     haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is —NH-cyclopropyl,     —NH(1-methylcyclopropyl), —NH(1-cyanocyclopropyl),     —NH(2-cyanocyclopropyl), —NH(1-carboxycyclopropyl),     —NH(1-[ethoxycarbonyl]cyclopropyl), —NH-cyclobutyl,     —NH(3-hydroxycyclobutyl), —NH-cyclopentyl, —N(methyl)(cyclopentyl),     —NH-cyclohexyl, —NH-(3-fluorocyclobutyl),     —NH-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl), or —NH-(3,3-dimethylcyclobutyl), more     preferably —NH-cyclopropyl, NH-cyclopentyl, or NH-cyclohexyl. Within     embodiment 14, in another group of compounds or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is:

Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is —NH-piperidin-4-yl, —NH-tetrahydropyran-4-yl, —NH-oxetan-3-yl, —NH-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, —NH-(2,6-dimethyltetrahydropyran-4-yl), or —NH-(1-alkylpiperidin-4-yl). Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-cycloalkylalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl of the cycloalkylalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(g) and R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is —NH—CH₂-cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(g) and R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, more preferably R⁴ is —NH—CH₂-cyclopropyl, —NH—*CH(CH₃)cyclopropyl (where *C is (R) or (S)), —NH—CH₂-cyclobutyl, —NH—*CH(CH₃)cyclobutyl where *C is (R) or (S), —NH—CH₂-cyclopentyl, —NH—CH₂-cyclohexyl, —NH—CH₂-(3-fluorocyclobutyl), —NH—CH₂-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl), —NH—CH₂-(3,3-dimethylcyclobutyl), —NH—CH₂-(1-methylcyclopropyl), —NH—CH₂-(1-methylcyclobutyl), —NH—(CH₂)₂-cyclopropyl, —NH—(CH₂)₂-cyclopentyl, or NH—(CH₂)₂-cyclohexyl, even more preferably —NH—CH₂-cyclopropyl or NH—CH₂-cyclobutyl. Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-(hydroxyalkyl) or —NH-(alkoxyalkyl), preferably R⁴ is —NH-(2-hydroxyethyl), —NH-(2-hydroxybutyl), —NH-(2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyl), —NH-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl), —NH-(2-methoxyethyl), —NH-(2-methoxypropyl), —NH-(2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl), or —NH-(2-methoxybutyl). Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-heterocyclylalkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl of the heterocyclylalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is —NH—CH₂-oxetan-3-yl, —NH—CH₂-piperidin-4-yl, —NH—CH₂-tetrahydropyran-4-yl, —NH—CH₂-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, —NH—CH₂-(1-alkylpiperidin-4-yl), —NH—(CH₂)₂-oxetan-3-yl, —NH—(CH₂)₂-piperidin-4-yl, —NH—(CH₂)₂-tetrahydropyran-4-yl, —NH-(CH₂)₂-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, or —NH—(CH₂)₂-(1-alkylpiperidin-4-yl). Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-haloalkyl, preferably R⁴ is —NH-2-fluoroethyl, —NH-2,2-difluoroethyl, —NH-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl), —NH-(3-fluoropropyl), —NH-(3,3-difluoropropyl), or —NH-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl). Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-heteroaralkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(g) and R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy. Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-aralkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(g) and R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is —NH-(2-phenethyl), —NH-benzyl, or —NH-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl). Within embodiment 14, in another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is —NH-methyl, —NH-ethyl, —NH-n-propyl, —NH-isopropyl, —N(methyl)(isopropyl), —NH-n-butyl, —NH-isobutyl, —NH-tert-butyl, NH-pentyl (all isomers), —NH-cyclopropyl, —NH-cyclobutyl, —NH(3-hydroxycyclobutyl), —NH-cyclopentyl, —N(methyl)(cyclopentyl), —NH-cyclohexyl, —NH-(3-fluorocyclobutyl), —NH-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl), —NH-(3,3-dimethylcyclobutyl), —NH-piperidin-4-yl, —NH-tetrahydropyran-4-yl, —NH-oxetan-3-yl, —NH-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, —NH-(2,6-dimethyltetrahydropyran-4-yl), —NH-(1-alkylpiperidin-4-yl), —NH—CH₂-cyclopropyl, —NH—CH₂-cyclobutyl, —NH—CH₂-cyclopentyl, —NH—CH₂-cyclohexyl, —NH—CH₂-(3-fluorocyclobutyl), —NH—CH₂-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl), —NH—CH₂-(3,3-dimethylcyclobutyl), —NH—CH₂-(1-methylcyclopropyl), —NH—CH₂-(1-methylcyclobutyl), —NH-(CH₂)₂-cyclopropyl, —NH—(CH₂)₂-cyclopentyl, NH—(CH₂)₂-cyclohexyl, —NH-(2-hydroxyethyl), —NH-(2-hydroxybutyl), —NH-(2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyl), —NH-(2-methoxyethyl), —NH-(2-methoxy-2-methylbutyl), —NH-(2-methoxybutyl), —NH-2-fluoroethyl, —NH-2,2-difluoroethyl, —NH-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl), —NH-(3-fluoropropyl), —NH-(3,3-difluoropropyl), —NH-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl), —NH(2-phenethyl), —NH(2-phenethyl), pyrrolidin-1-yl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl.

-   15. In embodiment 15, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is heteroaryl optionally     substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from     alkyl, halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy. Within embodiment 15, in one group     of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is     furanyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, or pyrimidinyl optionally substituted     with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl,     halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy. Within embodiment 15, in another group of     compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is     3-pyridyl, 5-methylfuran-2-yl, or 5-methylfuran-3-yl. -   16. In embodiment 16, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is phenyl optionally substituted     with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl,     halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy. -   17. In embodiment 17, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is heterocyclyl optionally     substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(g) or R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h)     are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo,     haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is pyrrolidin-1-yl,     tetrahydrofuranyl, or tetrahydropyranyl. Within embodiment 17, in     another group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, R⁴ is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, and     tetrahydropyran-4-yl. -   18. In embodiment 18, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is cycloalkyl optionally     substituted with 1 or 2 of R^(g) and R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h)     are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo,     haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy, preferably R⁴ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,     cyclopentyl, 3-fluorocyclopentyl, 3,3-difluorocyclopentyl,     cyclohexyl, or 4-fluorocyclohexyl. -   19. In embodiment 19, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     10 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R⁴ is cycloalkenyl, preferably R⁴ is     cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, 3-fluorocyclopentyl,     3,3-difluorocyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, or 4-fluorocyclohexenyl. -   20. In embodiment 20, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     19 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein R³ is hydrogen, chloro, or     —NH-isopropyl. -   21. In embodiment 21, the compounds of any one of embodiments 1 to     20 and groups contained therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt thereof, are those wherein X is carbon or nitrogen. Within     embodiment 21, in a group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is carbon. Within embodiment 21,     in a group of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, wherein X is nitrogen. -   22. In some embodiments, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, has the structure of     Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: n is 1, 2, or 3; and R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined herein, for example, in embodiment 1. Within embodiment 22, alk is —O—(CH₂)₂₋₄, preferably —OCH₂CH₂CH₂—*, wherein * indicates the point of attachment to R¹. Within embodiment 22, R¹ is heterocyclyl, preferably a saturated, 5-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl (for example, pyrrolidine). Within embodiment 22, R² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy, preferably methoxy. Within embodiment 22, R³ is H. Within embodiment 22, R⁴ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OR^(d), or NR^(e)R^(f) as defined above. Within embodiment 22, Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, has the structure of Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Within embodiment 22 and Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alk is —O—(CH₂)₂₋₄, preferably —OCH₂CH₂CH₂—*, wherein * indicates the point of attachment to R¹; R¹ is heterocyclyl, preferably a saturated, 5-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl (for example, pyrrolidine); R² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy, preferably methoxy; R³ is H; and R⁴ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OR^(d), or NR^(e)R^(f) as defined above.

-   23. In some embodiments, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, have the structure of     Formula (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Where R¹, R², R³, R^(e), R^(f) and ring B are as defined herein, for example, in embodiment 1. Within embodiment 23, alk is —O—(CH₂)₂₋₄, preferably —OCH₂CH₂CH₂—*, wherein * indicates the point of attachment to R¹. Within embodiment 23, R¹ is heterocyclyl, preferably a saturated, 5-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl (for example, pyrrolidinyl). Within embodiment 23, R² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy, preferably methoxy. Within embodiment 23, R³ is H. Within embodiment 23, ring B is a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered nitrogen containing heterocyclyl that is optionally substituted. Within embodiment 23, ring B is a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered nitrogen containing heterocyclyl substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, preferably methyl. Within embodiment 23, Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, has the structure of Formula (Id), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Within embodiment 23 and Formula (Id), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alk is —O—(CH₂)₂₋₄, preferably —OCH₂CH₂CH₂—*, wherein * indicates the point of attachment to R¹; R¹ is heterocyclyl, preferably a saturated, 5-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl (for example, pyrrolidine); R² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy, preferably methoxy; R³ is H; and ring B is a 5, 6 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heterocyclyl that is optionally substituted. Within embodiment 23 and Formula (Id), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R^(e) is H or methyl, preferably H. Within embodiment 23 and Formula (Id), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R^(f) is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, the cycloalkylalkyl, the arakyl, and the heterocyclyl are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two of methyl or hydroxy. Preferably, R^(f) is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

-   24. In embodiment 24, the compounds of Formula (I), or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those where: Z¹ and Z²     are independently C (when R² or R³ is attached thereto), CH, or N;     alk is alkylene wherein one or two carbon atoms of the alkylene     chain are optionally replaced by NR, O, S, or SO₂ (where R is     hydrogen or alkyl), and the alkylene chain is optionally substituted     with one or two substituents independently selected from halo,     haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyl, and alkoxy, and wherein -alk-R¹ is     attached to carbon (a) or (b); R¹ is —NR⁶R⁷ (where R⁶ and R⁷ are     independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkyl,     or haloalkoxyalkyl), unsubstituted heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl     substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) wherein     R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from alkyl,     hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, and     haloalkylcarbonyl), and spiroheterocycloamino wherein a nitrogen     atom of the spiroheterocycloamino is attached to alk; R² is     hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or     cyano; R³ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, alkoxy, alkylamino,     dialkylamino, or cyano; R⁴ is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl (optionally     substituted with one to nine deuteriums), cycloalkyl (optionally     substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from     alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, and alkoxy), cycloalkenyl, phenyl (optionally     substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from     alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, and alkoxy), heteroaryl (optionally     substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from     alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, and alkoxy), heterocyclyl (optionally     substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from     alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, and alkoxy), —OR^(d) (where R^(d) is     hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,     halocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl,     heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), or NR^(e)R^(f)     (where R^(e) is hydrogen or alkyl and R^(f) is hydrogen, alkyl,     deuterated alkyl, acyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,     aminoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,     cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl,     heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), wherein the     cycloalkyl, the aryl, the heteroaryl, and the heterocyclyl either     alone or as part of the cycloalkylalkyl, the aralkyl, the     heteroaralkyl and the heterocyclylalkyl in R^(d) and R^(f) are     independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g),     R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently     selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, and     haloalkoxy, and wherein the alkylene of the aralkyl, the     heteroaralkyl, the heterocyclylalkyl, and the cycloalkylalkyl in     R^(d) and R^(f) is optionally substituted with one to nine     deuteriums; X is carbon or nitrogen; ring B is phenyl, 5- or     6-membered heteroaryl containing one two or three heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 5- or     6-membered cycloalkyl, spirocycloalkyl, or 5-, 6-or 7-membered     saturated heterocyclyl, wherein each of the ring(s) of ring B are     unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(j), R^(k), and     R^(l) wherein R^(j), R^(k), and R^(l) independently selected from     alkyl, hydroxyl cyano, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy; or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided the compound of     Formula (I) is not: 5-aminobenzo[f][1,7]naphthyridine-8-methanamine     or     10-ethoxy-8-(morpholinomethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-5-ol;     or a salt thereof. -   25. In embodiment 25, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein the     compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected     from compound numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,     14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,     31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,     48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,     65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,     82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,     99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,     113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,     126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,     139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151,     152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,     165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177,     178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,     191, 192, 193, 194 and 195 as shown in Table 1 or Table 2, or a     parent compound of the salt as shown in Table 1 or Table 2, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the parent compound. -   26. In embodiment 26, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein the     compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected     from compound numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,     14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,     31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,     48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,     65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,     82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,     99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,     113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 and     126, as shown in Table 1, or a parent compound of the salt as shown     in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the parent     compound. -   27. In embodiment 27, the compounds of embodiment 1, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are those wherein the     compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected     from compound numbers: 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,     136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,     149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,     162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,     175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,     188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 and 195 as shown in Table 2, or a     parent compound of the salt as shown in Table 2, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the parent compound. -   28. Embodiment 28 provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a     compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable     excipient. -   29. Embodiment 29 provides a method of inhibiting G9a, comprising     contacting a cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a     compound of any one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof. -   30. In embodiment 30, the cell of embodiment 29 can be a cancer     cell. -   31. Embodiment 31, provides a method of ameliorating and/or treating     a hemoglobinpathy, comprising administering a therapeutically     effective amount of a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or     a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical     composition of embodiment 28 to a subject in need thereof. -   32. In embodiment 32, the hemoglobinpathy of embodiment 31 can be     sickle cell disease or beta-thalassemia. -   33. Embodiment 33, provides a method of ameliorating and/or treating     a cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective     amount of a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical     composition of embodiment 28 to a subject in need thereof. -   34. In embodiment 34, the cancer of embodiment 33 can be selected     from: a Colorectal Cancer; a Osteosarcoma Cancer; an Acute     Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL); an Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); an     Adrenocortical Carcinoma; a Kaposi Sarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an     AIDS-Related Lymphoma (Lymphoma); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; an Anal     Cancer; a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor; an Astrocytoma; an     Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor; a Basal Cell Carcinoma of the     Skin; a Bile Duct Cancer; a Bladder Cancer; a Bone Cancer (includes     Ewing Sarcoma and Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma);     a Brain Tumor; a Breast Cancer; a Bronchial Tumor; a Burkitt     Lymphoma; a Cardiac Tumor; an Embryonal Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Germ     Cell Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Cervical     Cancer; a Cholangiocarcinoma; a Chordoma; a Chronic Lymphocytic     Leukemia (CLL); a Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML); a Chronic     Myeloproliferative Neoplasm; a Craniopharyngioma (Brain Cancer); a     Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma; a Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS); an     Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer); an Ependymoma (Brain Cancer);     an Esophageal Cancer; an Esthesioneuroblastoma; an Ewing Sarcoma     (Bone Cancer); Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; Extragonadal Germ Cell     Tumor; Eye Cancer; Intraocular Melanoma; a Retinoblastoma; a     Fallopian Tube Cancer; a Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; a Gallbladder     Cancer; a Gastric (Stomach) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)     (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a CNS Germ Cell Tumors (Brain Cancer); an     Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; an Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor; an     Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor; a Testicular Cancer; a Gestational     Trophoblastic Disease; a Hairy Cell Leukemia; a Head and Neck     Cancer; a Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer; a Histiocytosis, a     Langerhans Cell; Hodgkin Lymphoma; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Head and     Neck Cancer); an Intraocular Melanoma; an Islet Cell Tumor; a     Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor; a Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer; a     Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis; a Laryngeal Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Leukemia; a Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell and Small Cell); a Lymphoma;     a Male Breast Cancer; a Melanoma; a Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Skin     Cancer); a Mesothelioma; a Malignant Mesothelioma; a Metastatic     Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Midline Tract Carcinoma involving NUT Gene; a Mouth Cancer (Head and     Neck Cancer); Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes; Multiple     Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasms; a Mycosis Fungoides (Lymphoma); a     Myelodysplastic Syndrome, a Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative     Neoplasm; a Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Nasopharyngeal Cancer—Neuroblastoma; a Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; an Oral     Cancer; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer and Oropharyngeal Cancer (Head     and Neck Cancer); an Ovarian Cancer; a Pancreatic Cancer; a     Papillomatosis; a Paraganglioma; a Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity     Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Parathyroid Cancer; a Penile     Cancer; a Pharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Pheochromocytoma; a Pituitary Tumor; a Pleuropulmonary Blastoma; a     Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Primary Peritoneal Cancer; a Prostate     Cancer; a Rectal Cancer; a Rhabdomyosarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a     Salivary Gland Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Salivary Gland     Tumor; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an Uterine Sarcoma; a     Sézary Syndrome (Lymphoma); a Small Intestine Cancer; a Squamous     Cell Carcinoma; a Skin Cancer; a Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult     Primary, Metastatic (Head and Neck Cancer); a Cutaneous T-Cell     Lymphoma; a Throat Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal     Cancer; an Oropharyngeal Cancer; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer; a Thymoma     and Thymic Carcinoma; a Thyroid Cancer; an Urethral Cancer; a     Vaginal Cancer; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a Vulvar     Cancer; a Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); and a Wilms Tumor. -   35. In embodiment 35, the cancer of any one of embodiments 33 to 34     can be selected from: a Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS); an Acute     Myeloid Leukemia (AML); an Ovarian Cancer; a Colon Cancer; and a     Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). -   36. Embodiment 36, provides a method of ameliorating and/or treating     an autoimmune or inflammatory disease in, comprising administering a     therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of     embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,     or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 28 to a subject in     need thereof. -   37. In embodiment 37, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease of     embodiment 36 can be selected from: arthritis, atherosclerosis,     multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Crohn's disease,     graft-versus-host disease, psoriasis, granulomatous colitis,     lymphocyte colitis, collagenous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Coeliac     Disease, subepidermal blistering disorders, systemic lupus     erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus,     dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary     cirrhosis, active chronic hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and     vasculitis. -   38. In embodiment 38, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease of any     one of embodiments 36 to 37 can be Crohn's disease, rheumatoid     arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, primary     biliary cirrhosis and graft-versus-host disease. -   39. Embodiment 39, provides for the use of an effective amount of a     compound of any one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for     inhibiting the activity of G9a in a cell. -   40. In embodiment 40, the cell of embodiment 39 can be a cancer     cell. -   41. Embodiment 41, provides an effective amount of a compound of any     one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, for inhibiting the activity of G9a in a cell. -   42. In embodiment 42, the cell of embodiment 41 can be a cancer     cell. -   43. Embodiment 43, provides for the use of an effective amount of a     compound of any one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of     embodiment 28, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating     and/or treating a hemoglobinpathy. -   44. In embodiment 44, the hemoglobinpathy of embodiment 43 can be     sickle cell disease or beta-thalassemia. -   45. Embodiment 45, provides an effective amount of a compound of any     one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 28, for     ameliorating and/or treating a hemoglobinpathy. -   46. In embodiment 46, the hemoglobinpathy of embodiment 45 can be     sickle cell disease or beta-thalassemia. -   47. Embodiment 47, provides for the use of an effective amount of a     compound of any one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of     embodiment 28, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating     and/or treating a cancer. -   48. In embodiment 48, the cancer of embodiment 47 can be selected     from: a Colorectal Cancer; a Osteosarcoma Cancer; an Acute     Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL); an Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); an     Adrenocortical Carcinoma; a Kaposi Sarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an     AIDS-Related Lymphoma (Lymphoma); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; an Anal     Cancer; a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor; an Astrocytoma; an     Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor; a Basal Cell Carcinoma of the     Skin; a Bile Duct Cancer; a Bladder Cancer; a Bone Cancer (includes     Ewing Sarcoma and Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma);     a Brain Tumor; a Breast Cancer; a Bronchial Tumor; a Burkitt     Lymphoma; a Cardiac Tumor; an Embryonal Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Germ     Cell Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Cervical     Cancer; a Cholangiocarcinoma; a Chordoma; a Chronic Lymphocytic     Leukemia (CLL); a Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML); a Chronic     Myeloproliferative Neoplasm; a Craniopharyngioma (Brain Cancer); a     Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma; a Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS); an     Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer); an Ependymoma (Brain Cancer);     an Esophageal Cancer; an Esthesioneuroblastoma; an Ewing Sarcoma     (Bone Cancer); Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; Extragonadal Germ Cell     Tumor; Eye Cancer; Intraocular Melanoma; a Retinoblastoma; a     Fallopian Tube Cancer; a Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; a Gallbladder     Cancer; a Gastric (Stomach) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)     (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a CNS Germ Cell Tumors (Brain Cancer); an     Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; an Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor; an     Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor; a Testicular Cancer; a Gestational     Trophoblastic Disease; a Hairy Cell Leukemia; a Head and Neck     Cancer; a Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer; a Histiocytosis, a     Langerhans Cell; Hodgkin Lymphoma; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Head and     Neck Cancer); an Intraocular Melanoma; an Islet Cell Tumor; a     Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor; a Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer; a     Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis; a Laryngeal Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Leukemia; a Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell and Small Cell); a Lymphoma;     a Male Breast Cancer; a Melanoma; a Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Skin     Cancer); a Mesothelioma; a Malignant Mesothelioma; a Metastatic     Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Midline Tract Carcinoma involving NUT Gene; a Mouth Cancer (Head and     Neck Cancer); Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes; Multiple     Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasms; a Mycosis Fungoides (Lymphoma); a     Myelodysplastic Syndrome, a Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative     Neoplasm; a Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Nasopharyngeal Cancer—Neuroblastoma; a Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; an Oral     Cancer; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer and Oropharyngeal Cancer (Head     and Neck Cancer); an Ovarian Cancer; a Pancreatic Cancer; a     Papillomatosis; a Paraganglioma; a Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity     Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Parathyroid Cancer; a Penile     Cancer; a Pharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Pheochromocytoma; a Pituitary Tumor; a Pleuropulmonary Blastoma; a     Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Primary Peritoneal Cancer; a Prostate     Cancer; a Rectal Cancer; a Rhabdomyosarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a     Salivary Gland Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Salivary Gland     Tumor; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an Uterine Sarcoma; a     Sézary Syndrome (Lymphoma); a Small Intestine Cancer; a Squamous     Cell Carcinoma; a Skin Cancer; a Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult     Primary, Metastatic (Head and Neck Cancer); a Cutaneous T-Cell     Lymphoma; a Throat Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal     Cancer; an Oropharyngeal Cancer; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer; a Thymoma     and Thymic Carcinoma; a Thyroid Cancer; an Urethral Cancer; a     Vaginal Cancer; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a Vulvar     Cancer; a Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); and a Wilms Tumor. -   49. In embodiment 49, the cancer of any one of embodiments 47 to 48     can be selected from: a Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS); an Acute     Myeloid Leukemia (AML); an Ovarian Cancer; a Colon Cancer; and a     Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). -   50. Embodiment 50, provides an effective amount of a compound of any     one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 28, for     ameliorating and/or treating a cancer. -   51. In embodiment 51, the cancer of embodiment 50 can be selected     from: a Colorectal Cancer; a Osteosarcoma Cancer; an Acute     Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL); an Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); an     Adrenocortical Carcinoma; a Kaposi Sarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an     AIDS-Related Lymphoma (Lymphoma); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; an Anal     Cancer; a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor; an Astrocytoma; an     Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor; a Basal Cell Carcinoma of the     Skin; a Bile Duct Cancer; a Bladder Cancer; a Bone Cancer (includes     Ewing Sarcoma and Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma);     a Brain Tumor; a Breast Cancer; a Bronchial Tumor; a Burkitt     Lymphoma; a Cardiac Tumor; an Embryonal Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Germ     Cell Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Cervical     Cancer; a Cholangiocarcinoma; a Chordoma; a Chronic Lymphocytic     Leukemia (CLL); a Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML); a Chronic     Myeloproliferative Neoplasm; a Craniopharyngioma (Brain Cancer); a     Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma; a Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS); an     Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer); an Ependymoma (Brain Cancer);     an Esophageal Cancer; an Esthesioneuroblastoma; an Ewing Sarcoma     (Bone Cancer); Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; Extragonadal Germ Cell     Tumor; Eye Cancer; Intraocular Melanoma; a Retinoblastoma; a     Fallopian Tube Cancer; a Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; a Gallbladder     Cancer; a Gastric (Stomach) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)     (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a CNS Germ Cell Tumors (Brain Cancer); an     Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; an Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor; an     Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor; a Testicular Cancer; a Gestational     Trophoblastic Disease; a Hairy Cell Leukemia; a Head and Neck     Cancer; a Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer; a Histiocytosis, a     Langerhans Cell; Hodgkin Lymphoma; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Head and     Neck Cancer); an Intraocular Melanoma; an Islet Cell Tumor; a     Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor; a Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer; a     Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis; a Laryngeal Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Leukemia; a Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell and Small Cell); a Lymphoma;     a Male Breast Cancer; a Melanoma; a Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Skin     Cancer); a Mesothelioma; a Malignant Mesothelioma; a Metastatic     Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Midline Tract Carcinoma involving NUT Gene; a Mouth Cancer (Head and     Neck Cancer); Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes; Multiple     Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasms; a Mycosis Fungoides (Lymphoma); a     Myelodysplastic Syndrome, a Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative     Neoplasm; a Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer (Head and Neck     Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Nasopharyngeal Cancer—Neuroblastoma; a Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; an Oral     Cancer; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer and Oropharyngeal Cancer (Head     and Neck Cancer); an Ovarian Cancer; a Pancreatic Cancer; a     Papillomatosis; a Paraganglioma; a Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity     Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Parathyroid Cancer; a Penile     Cancer; a Pharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a     Pheochromocytoma; a Pituitary Tumor; a Pleuropulmonary Blastoma; a     Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Primary Peritoneal Cancer; a Prostate     Cancer; a Rectal Cancer; a Rhabdomyosarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a     Salivary Gland Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Salivary Gland     Tumor; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an Uterine Sarcoma; a     Sézary Syndrome (Lymphoma); a Small Intestine Cancer; a Squamous     Cell Carcinoma; a Skin Cancer; a Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult     Primary, Metastatic (Head and Neck Cancer); a Cutaneous T-Cell     Lymphoma; a Throat Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal     Cancer; an Oropharyngeal Cancer; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer; a Thymoma     and Thymic Carcinoma; a Thyroid Cancer; an Urethral Cancer; a     Vaginal Cancer; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a Vulvar     Cancer; a Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); and a Wilms Tumor. -   52. In embodiment 52, the cancer of any one of embodiments 50 to 51     can be selected from: a Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS); an Acute     Myeloid Leukemia (AML); an Ovarian Cancer; a Colon Cancer; and a     Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). -   53. Embodiment 53, provides for the use of an effective amount of a     compound of any one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of     embodiment 28, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating     and/or treating an autoimmune or inflammatory disease. -   54. In embodiment 54, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease of     embodiment 53 can be selected from: arthritis, atherosclerosis,     multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Crohn's disease,     graft-versus-host disease, psoriasis, granulomatous colitis,     lymphocyte colitis, collagenous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Coeliac     Disease, subepidermal blistering disorders, systemic lupus     erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus,     dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary     cirrhosis, active chronic hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and     vasculitis. -   55. In embodiment 55, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease of any     one of embodiments 53 to 54 can be selected from: Crohn's disease,     rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic     sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis and graft-versus-host disease. -   56. Embodiment 56, provides an effective amount of a compound of any     one embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt     thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 28, for     ameliorating and/or treating an autoimmune or inflammatory disease. -   57. In embodiment 57, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease of     embodiment 56 can be selected from: arthritis, atherosclerosis,     multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Crohn's disease,     graft-versus-host disease, psoriasis, granulomatous colitis,     lymphocyte colitis, collagenous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Coeliac     Disease, subepidermal blistering disorders, systemic lupus     erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus,     dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary     cirrhosis, active chronic hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and     vasculitis. -   58. In embodiment 58, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease of any     one of embodiments 56 to 57 can be selected from: Crohn's disease,     rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic     sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis and graft-versus-host disease.

Representative compounds of Formula (I), or salts thereof, are disclosed in Tables 1 and 2 below. Although Tables 1 and 2 may show a specific salt of a compound of Formula (I), those skilled in the art will be able to recognize the parent compound (wherein the “parent compound” is a compound without a salt moiety present), and other salts, such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, of those compounds in Tables 1 and 2.

TABLE 1 MS Cmpd. # Structure Name Found 1

  formate 8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 356.2 2

  formate 2-methoxy-N-methyl-3-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate 370.2 3

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 384.2 4

  trifluoroacetate 2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)ethan-1-ol trifluoroacetate 386.3 5

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-(2-phenylethyl)-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 446.3 6

  formate 8-methoxy-2-methyl-N-(propan-2- yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 398.4 7

  formate N-cyclobutyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 396.4 8

  trifluoroacetate N-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 410.4 9

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-methyl-N-(propan-2- yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 398.2 10

  formate 1-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}pyrrolidine formate 396.2 11

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpyrrolidin- 3-yl)methoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 370.4 12

  trifluoroacetate 2-methoxy-N-(oxan-4-yl)-3-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine trifluoroacetate 440.3 13

  formate 2-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-3-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate 398.3 14

  trifluoroacetate N-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}acetamide trifluoroacetate 384.2 15

  formate 2-({2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6- yl}amino)ethan-1-ol formate 400.2 16

  trifluoroacetate (1r,3r)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclobutan-1-ol trifluoroacetate 412.3 17

  formate 8-methoxy-N-[(3R)-oxolan-3-yl]-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 412.4 18

  formate 8-methoxy-N-[(3S)-oxolan-3-yl]-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 412.4 19

  formate N-cyclopropyl-2-methoxy-3-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate 396.2 20

  formate 2-methoxy-6-(methylamino)-3-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-8-ol formate 386.2 21

  trifluoroacetate 1-[3-({8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 327.3 22

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin- 4-amine trifluoroacetate 357.2 23

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin- 4-amine trifluoroacetate 385.2 24

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N,2,2-trimethyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin- 4-amine trifluoroacetate 385.2 25

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-N- (propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate 413.2 26

  formate 9-methoxy-N-methyl-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-5-amine formate 371.1 27

  trifluoroacetate 9-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-5-amine trifluoroacetate 399.2 28

  trifluoroacetate 1-[3-({9-methoxy-5-methyl- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-8- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 356.2 29

  formate 9-methoxy-N,2-dimethyl-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-5-amine formate 385.3 30

  formate 9-methoxy-2-methyl-N-(propan-2- yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-5-amine formate 413.3 31

  trifluoroacetate 1-[3-({9-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-8- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 370.2 32

  trifluoroacetate 1-[3-({5-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-2- methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-8- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 396.2 33

  formate 10-methoxy-N-methyl-9-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2- c]quinolin-6-amine formate 385.2 34

  formate 10-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-9-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2- c]quinolin-6-amine formate 413.3 35

  formate 1-[3-({8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl- 1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin- 7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 356.2 36

  formate 1-[3-({4-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy- 2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H- pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 396.3 37

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-ol trifluoroacetate 343.2 38

  trifluoroacetate 2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-ol trifluoroacetate 357.2 39

  trifluoroacetate 2-methoxy-N-[1-(propan-2- yl)piperidin-4-yl]-3-[3-(pyrrolidin- 1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine trifluoroacetate 481.4 40

  trifluoroacetate 2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridine trifluoroacetate 341.3 41

  formate 2-methoxy-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4- yl)-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6- amine formate 439.4 42

  formate 2-methoxy-N-(oxan-4-yl)-3-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate 425.3 43

  formate N-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}-1- (propan-2-yl)piperidin-4-amine formate 467.4 44

  formate 8-methoxy-N-(oxetan-3-yl)-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 398.3 45

7-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H- furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 386.3 46

8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H- furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 386.4 47

N-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H- furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 384.3 48

N-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H- furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 384.3 49

  formate N-(cyclobutylmethyl)-8-methoxy-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 410.3 50

  formate 9-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5- amine formate 400.3 51

  formate 2-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin- 3-yl)methoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6- amine formate 384.3 52

  formate 9-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-5-amine formate 395.4 53

  formate 8-methoxy-N,2,2-trimethyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 384.3 54

  formate 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-N- (propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 412.3 55

  formate N-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5- amine formate 398.2 56

  formate 9-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]pyrazolo[1,5- c]quinazolin-5-ol formate 57

  formate 9-methoxy-N-methyl-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5- amine formate 372.2 58

  formate N-ethyl-9-methoxy-8-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5- amine formate 386.2 59

  formate 8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H- furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine formate 358.2 60

  formate N-ethyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H- furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine formate 372.2 61

  formate 2-methoxy-6-(methylamino)-3-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-8-ol formate 386.2 62

  formate 1-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid formate 426.2 63

  formate 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-N-(propan-2- yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 402.2 64

  formate 3-({2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6- yl}amino)cyclobutan-1-ol formate 426.3 65

  formate 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-N-(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 424.3 66

8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-N-(3,3,3- trifluoropropyl)-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 438.4 67

  formate 2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-N-(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate 438.4 68

  trifluoroacetate 2-methoxy-6-[(propan-2-yl)amino]- 3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-8- ol trifluoroacetate 414.2 69

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-methyl-N-phenyl-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 432.2 70

  formate 1-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}pyrrolidine formate 396.2 71

  formate 9-methoxy-3-methyl-N-(propan-2- yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[c]2,7- naphthyridin-5-amine formate 413.3 72

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-methyl-N-(propan-2- yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 398.3 73

  trifluoroacetate N-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-N- methyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate 424.3 74

  formate N-ethyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 398.3 75

  Formate 3-({9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-8- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 370.2 76

  Formate 1-[3-({5-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy- 2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H- benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8- yl)oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 410.5 77

  Formate 1-(3-{[9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5- (propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,4H- benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8- yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine formate 412.5 78

  Formate 1-[3-({9-methoxy-2,2,5-trimethyl- 1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6- naphthyridin-8- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 384.4 79

  Trifluroracetate 1-[3-({6-cyclopentyl-10-methoxy- 1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2- c]quinolin-9- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 424.3 80

  trifluoroacetate 1-[3-({6-cyclopropyl-10-methoxy- 1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2- c]quinolin-9- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 396.3 81

  trifluoroacetate 1-(3-{[10-methoxy-6-(propan-2-yl)- 1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2- c]quinolin-9- yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 398.2 82

  trifluoroacetate 1-[3-({10-methoxy-6-methyl- 1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2- c]quinolin-9- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 370.2 83

  Formate 1-(3-{[4-(cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-8- methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H- pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7- yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine formate 422.1 84

  trifluoroacetate 4-[(propan-2-yl)amino]-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-8- ol trifluoroacetate 370.3 85

  Formate 8-methoxy-7-[3-(piperidin-1- yl)propoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 398.3 86

  Formate 7-[3-(3,3-dimethylpyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-8-methoxy-N-(propan- 2-yl)-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 412.3 87

  Formate 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-N-(3- methylbutyl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 440.1 88

  Formate N-[(1S)-1-cyclopropylethyl]-8- methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 410.2 89

  Formate N-[(1R)-1-cyclopropylethyl]-8- methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 410.2 90

  Formate 1-(3-{[8-methoxy-4-(5- methylfuran-3-yl)-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7- yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine formate 407.2 91

  Formate N-butyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 426.1 92

  Formate 7-[3-(dimethylamino)propoxy]-8- methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 358.2 93

  Formate 7-[3-(diethylamino)propoxy]-8- methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 386.3 94

  Formate N-tert-butyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 398.2 95

  Formate N-isobutyl-8-methoxy-2,2- dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 426.1 96

  Formate N-(cyclobutylmethyl)-8-methoxy- 2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 438.1 97

  Formate N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-8-methoxy- 2,2-dimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 424.1 98

  Formate 1-(3-{[8-methoxy-4-(oxolan-3-yl)- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7- yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine formate 397.2 99

  Formate N-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-8-methoxy-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 398.4 100

  Formate N-[(2R)-butan-2-yl]-8-methoxy-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 398.4 101

  Formate N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-8-methoxy- 7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 412.3 102

8-methoxy-N-[(2-²H)propan-2-yl]- 7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine hydrochloride 385.2 103

  trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-N-(2-methylpropyl)-7- [3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 398.2 104

  Trifluoroacetic acid 8-methoxy-N-propyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 384.2 105

  Trifluoroacetic acid N-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 382.2 106

  Trifluoroacetic acid N-ethyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 370.2 107

  Trifluoroacetic acid N-cyclohexyl-8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 424.4 108

  Trifluoroacetic acid N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-8-methoxy- 7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 396.4 109

  Formate 1-[3-({4-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 395.2 110

  trifluoroacetate 1-[3-({4-cyclohexyl-8-methoxy- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate 409.3 111

  Formate 1-[3-({8-methoxy-4-phenyl- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 403.1 112

  Trifluoroacetate 8-methoxy-7-[3-(morpholin-4- yl)propoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine trifluoroacetate 400.2 113

  2 HCl 1-[3-({4-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy- 2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H- pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine hydrochloride 424.1 114

  Formate 1-[3-({8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-4- phenyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinolin-7- yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate 432.1 115

  Formate N-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]- 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 492.1 116

  Formate 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate 342.1 117

  Formate N-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]- 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 520.1 118

  Formate 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 370.1 119

  Formate 3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)propanenitrile formate 395.2 120

  Formate 8-methoxy-N-[2- (methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine formate 416.2 121

  (1:1 mixture as formate salt) and (1S,3R)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol formate and (1R,3S)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol (1:1 mixture) formate and 440.2

  (1:1 mixture as formate salt) (1S,3R)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol formate and (1R,3S)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol (1:1 mixture) formate 122

  Formate (1S,2S)-2-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol formate 440.2 123

  Formate (1R,4R)-4-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol formate 440.2 124

  Formate (1S,2S)-2-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclopentan-1-ol formate 426.1 125

  1:1 mixture in formate salt form (1R,2S)-2-({8-methoxy-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclopentan-1-ol formate 426.1 126

  Formate 3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclopentan-1-ol formate 426.1

TABLE 2 Cmpd # Structure Name 127

8-methoxy-4-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline 128

8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-4- (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H- cyclopenta[c]quinoline 129

4-(3-fluorocyclopentyl)-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline 130

4-(3,3-difluorocyclopentyl)-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline 131

8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-4-(tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline 132

4-(4-fluorocyclohexyl)-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline 133

8-methoxy-4-(pyridin-3-yl)-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline 134

N-ethyl-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3- dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[c]quinoline-2,1′-cyclopropan]-4- amine 135

N-ethyl-8′-methoxy-7′-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1′,3′- dihydrospiro[cyclobutane-1,2′-cyclopenta[c]quinolin]-4′- amine 136

N-ethyl-8′-methoxy-7′-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1′,3′- dihydrospiro[cyclopentane-1,2′-cyclopenta[c]quinolin]-4′- amine 137

N-ethyl-2,2-difluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 138

N-ethyl-8′-methoxy-7′-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1′,3′- dihydrospiro[cyclohexane-1,2′-cyclopenta[c]quinolin]-4′- amine 139

9-chloro-8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 140

8-methoxy-N4,N9-bis(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin- 1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline-4,9- diamine 141

8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinoline 142

8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-(5-methylfuran-3-yl)-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinoline 143

8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)- 4-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinoline 144

4-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinoline 145

4-cyclohexyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline 146

4-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline 147

8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)- 4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinoline 148

8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)- 4-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinoline 149

8-methoxy-N-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 150

N-cyclohexyl-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)- 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 151

ethyl 1-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate 152

N-benzyl-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 153

(S)-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 154

(R)-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 155

8-methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 156

8-methoxy-N-(2-methoxypropyl)-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 157

8-methoxy-N-(2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 158

1-((8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl)amino)-2- methylpropan-2-ol 159

4-((8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl)amino)butanenitrile 160

1-((8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl)amino)cyclopropane-1-carbonitrile 161

2-((8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yI)amino)cyclopropane-1-carbonitrile 162

8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl-2-d)-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydto-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amilie 163

(R)-7-(3-(3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-N-isopropyl-8- methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 164

(S)-7-(3-(3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-N-isopropyl-8- methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinoIin-4-amine 165

7-(2-fluoro-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-N-isopropyl-8- methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 166

N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-7-(2-methyl-3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 167

N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-7-(2-methoxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- amine 168

N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- (trifluoromethoxy)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 169

8-ethoxy-N-isopropyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 170

8-ethoxy-N-ethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine 171

N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 172

(1S,3R)-N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin- 4-amine 173

(1R,3R)-N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin- 4-amine 174

(1R,3S)-N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin- 4-amine 175

(1S,3S)-N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin- 4-amine 176

N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 177

N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 178

N-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-7-(3- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin- 4-amine 179

N-ethyl-8-methoxy-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 180

8-methoxy-N,1,1,3,3-pentamethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine 181

N-ethyl-9-methoxy-3-methyl-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrano[4,3-c]quinolin-5- amine 182

N-ethyl-9-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrano[4,3-c]quinolin-5- amine 183

N-ethyl-9-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrano[4,3-c]quinolin-5- amine 184

9-methoxy-N,1,3-trimethyl-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrano[4,3-c]quinolin-5- amine 185

9-methoxy-N,3,3-trimethyl-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrano[4,3-c]quinolin-5- amine 186

N-ethyl-9-methoxy-2,4-dimethyl-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-1,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5- amine 187

N-ethyl-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)propoxy)-1,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5- amine 188

2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H- cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)acetic acid 189

ethyl 2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)acetate 190

2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)propanoic acid 191

ethyl 2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4- yl}amino)propanoate 192

2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)-3- methylbutanoic acid 193

ethyl 2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)-3- methylbutanoate 194

2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)-2- methylpropanoic acid 195

ethyl 2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]- 1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)-2- methylpropanoate

General Synthetic Scheme

Compounds of this disclosure can be made by the methods depicted in the reaction schemes shown below.

The starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition) and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989). These schemes are merely illustrative of some methods by which the compounds of this disclosure can be synthesized, and various modifications to these schemes can be made and will be suggested to one skilled in the art reading this disclosure. The starting materials, the intermediates, and the final products of the reaction(s) may be isolated and purified if desired using conventional techniques, including but not limited to filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography and the like. Such materials may be characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.

Unless specified to the contrary, the reactions described herein take place at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from about −78° C. to about 150° C., such as from about 0° C. to about 125° C. and further such as at about room (or ambient) temperature, e.g., about 20° C. The routes shown and described herein are illustrative only and are not intended, nor are they to be construed, to limit the scope of the claims in any manner whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize modifications of the disclosed syntheses and to devise alternate routes based on the disclosures herein; all such modifications and alternate routes are within the scope of the claims.

Compounds of Formula (I) where ring B is cycloalkyl or 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated heterocyclyl, Z¹ and Z² are independently selected from CH or C (wherein a substituent is attached), X is C, and R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined in the Summary, can be prepared by the following procedure described in Scheme 1 below.

Reaction of a compound of formula 1 where -alk-R¹, R² and R³ are as defined in the Summary, or a precursor group thereof with 2-oxocycloalkylcarboxylate or 2-oxo heterocyclylcarboxylate of formula 2 wherein R is alkyl and ring B is unsubstituted or substituted with R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and/or R^(m) as defined in the Summary, in the presence of catalytic amount of an acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, followed by treating the resulting intermediate with poly phosphoric acid at 90° C. to refluxing temperature provides an annular tricyclic compound of Formula (I) where R⁴ is hydroxy. Compounds of formula 1 can be prepared from commercially available materials such as 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol by methods well known in the art (see references in the synthetic examples below). Compounds of formula 2 such as methyl 2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate, methyl 2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate, methyl 4-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate, and methyl 1-methyl-4-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylate are commercially available. Other compounds of formula 2 are readily available through synthetic procedures well known to those in the art (e.g., methyl 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate and the close analogs, see Gellman et al, Organic Letters, 2004, Vol 6, No. 24, page 4411-4414). Compound of Formula (I) where R⁴ is hydroxy can be converted to other compounds of Formula (I) by first converting it into a corresponding compound where R⁴ is halo, e.g., chloro, followed by other transformations. The reaction conditions used for these transformations depend on the nature of the R⁴ groups. For example, compounds of Formula (I) where R⁴ is NR^(e)R^(f) (where R^(e) and R^(f) are as defined in the Summary) can be prepared by reacting the corresponding compound where R⁴ is halo, such as chloro, with an amine of formula NHR^(e)R^(f) under Buchwald coupling reaction condition. Compounds of Formula (I) where R⁴ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, -cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl, can be prepared by reacting corresponding compound where R⁴ is chloro with either a boronic reagents under Suzuki coupling reaction conditions, Zn reagent under Negishi coupling, or tin derivatives under Stille coupling reaction conditions. It will be recognized by a person skilled in the art that, R¹, R², and R³ groups can be modified, as necessary, during the above synthetic route.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I) where Z¹ and Z² are independently selected from CH or C (wherein a substituent is attached), X is C, and ring B, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined in the Summary, can be prepared by the following procedure described in Scheme 2 below.

Compounds of Formula (I) can also be prepared following the synthetic routes depicted in Scheme 2. Coupling reaction of compound of formula 3 where -alk-R¹, R² and R³ are as defined in the Summary or a precursor group thereof, with a compound of formula 4 (wherein ring C is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, 5- or 6-membered cycloalkenyl, or 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkenyl each aforementioned ring substituted with R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and/or R^(m) as defined in the Summary, W is —B(OH)₂, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanyl-, tributylstannyl or other appropriate functional groups and R′ is H or alkyl) in the presence of appropriate catalysts such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) or [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) gives an intermediate compound of formula 5. Compound of formula 3 such as 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine can be made from commercially available material, such as 4-bromo-2-methoxyphenol, through methods well known to those skilled in the art (see synthetic examples below for reference). Compounds of formula 4 can be purchased from commercial resources. Alternatively, compound 4 where W is 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanyl or 1,1,1-tributylstannane can be made from compound of formula 7 (where M is halo and R′ is as defined above) by reacting compound 7 with appropriate reagents such as 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) or 1,1,1,2,2,2-hexabutyldistannane in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) or [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II), respectively. Compound 4 where W is 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanyl can be subjected to hydrolysis to give corresponding compound of formula 4 where W is —B(OH)₂. Compounds of formula 7 where M is Br or Cl, such as ethyl 4-chlorothiazole-5-carboxylate, methyl 2-bromobenzoate, methyl 4-chloro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate, methyl 2-chloronicotinate, methyl 3-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate, methyl 4-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxylate, ethyl 5-chloro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, 3-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid, or 2-bromo-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid are commercially available. Compound 7 where M is —OTf can be made from the corresponding commercially available starting material of 2-oxocycloalkylcarboxylate or 2-oxo heterocyclocarboxylate, such as 1-tert-butyl 3-methyl 4-oxopiperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate, by methods well known to those skilled in the art (see Organic Letters, 2012, 14(12): 2940-2943; and Organic letters, 2003, 5(1):59-61).

Alternatively, compound of formula 5 can be prepared by reacting an organoborane compound of formula 6 with a compound of formula 7 under coupling conditions described above. Compound of Formula (I) is made from compound 5 by reduction of the nitro group under suitable reduction conditions such as treatment with Zn, Fe, tin(II) chloride, or under hydrogenation conditions, such as Pd/C under hydrogen atmosphere, followed by hydrolysis of the ester group (where R′=-alkyl) under basic reaction conditions (for example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or lithium hydroxide (LiOH)) to give an amino compound of formula 8. Intramolecular amide coupling reaction of compound 8 facilitated by amide coupling reagents well known to those skilled in the art, such as 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI) and HOBt, or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) in an appropriate solvent, such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or 1,4-dioxane, at ambient temperature provides a compound of Formula (I) where R⁴ is hydroxy which can be converted to other compound of Formula (I) as described above in Scheme 1.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I) where Z¹ and Z² are independently selected from CH and C (wherein a substituent is attached), X is C, ring B is saturated heterocyclyl shown in the structure below and R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined in the Summary, can be prepared by the following procedure described in Scheme 3.

Reaction of a compound of formula 1 where -alk-R¹, R² and R³ are as defined in the

Summary or a precursor group thereof, with a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl compound of formula 9 unsubstituted or substituted with R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and/or R^(m) as defined in the Summary, e.g., pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid, 2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylic acid or 2-oxoazepane-3-carboxylic acid where PG is a suitable nitrogen protecting group (such as benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl or Boc) in the presence of an amide coupling agent (such as 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI) and HOBt, or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP)) in an appropriate solvent (such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or 1,4-dioxane) at ambient temperature gives compound 10.

Compounds of formula 9 can be prepared as shown below:

Compounds of formula 9 can be prepared from a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclyl compound of formula 13 by deprotonation of compound 13 with a suitable base such as ^(t)BuLi or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) followed by treatment with dry CO₂ gas (see Zhang et. al., Organic Letters, 2016, 18(3):348-351 for a representative method.). Compounds of formula 13 such as 1-benzyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 1-benzylpiperidin-2-one are commercially available. Compounds of formula 13 can also be made by protecting the nitrogen atom of a commercially available lactam of formula 12 (such as azepan-2-one, 2-piperidinone, 6-methyl-2-piperidinone, 6,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-one, and 5,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-2-one), e.g., by reacting 12 under alkylating reaction conditions (such as with either benzyl chloride (BnCl) or p-methoxy benzyl chloride (PMBCl) under sodium hydride (NaH) or potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) mediated condition) in appropriate solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF). Compounds of formula 13 where PG is Boc can be made by treating a lactam of formula 12 (such as azepan-2-one, 2-pyrrolidinone, 2-piperidinone, 6-methyl-2-piperidinone, 6,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-one, 5,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-2-one, etc.) with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in appropriate solvent(s), such as acetonitrile or dimethylformamide (DMF).

Alternatively, compounds of formula 9 can be made by hydrolysis of the ester group in compounds of formula 14 with a base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or lithium hydroxide (LiOH). Compounds of formula 14 can be made by deprotonation of compound 12 with bases, such as ^(t)BuLi or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), followed by treatment with dimethyl carbonate.

Treatment of compound 10 with POCl₃ at 90° C. to refluxing temperature for up to 16 h provides a compound of Formula 11a where R⁴ is chloro (when PG is Boc or methoxybenzyl) or formula 11b (when PG is benzyl). Removal of the amino protecting group in 11b provides a compound of formula 11a. Compounds of formula 11a can be converted to compounds of Formula (I) as described herein.

Compounds of Formula (I) where Z¹ is N, Z² is CH or C (wherein a substituent is attached), X is C, and ring B, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined in the Summary, can be prepared by the following procedure described in Scheme 4 below.

Reaction of a compound of formula 15 where -alk-R¹, R² and R³ are as defined in the Summary or a precursor group thereof, with a compound of formula 4 under reaction conditions described in Scheme 2 provides a compound of formula 16. Compounds of formula 15 can be made by methods well known in the art. For example, 2-bromo-6-methoxy-3-nitro-5-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]pyridine and 6-bromo-2-methoxy-5-nitro-N-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl]pyridin-3-amine can be made from the commercially available 3-hydroxy-pyridine and 3-aminopyridine by methods known to those skilled in the art (see literature procedures such as Australian Journal of Chemistry, 1981, 34(4):927-932; Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2014, 24(24):5630-5634; WO 2008/101682 A2, and Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1972 , 9:1039-1043). Compound 16 can be converted to compound of Formula (I) where R⁴ is hydroxy as described in Scheme 2 herein and other compound of Formula (I) as described in Scheme 1 herein.

Alternatively, compound 15 can be converted to a compound of Formula (I) following the method illustrated in Methods (i) and (ii) herein.

In Method (i), Compound 15 is first converted to a compound of formula 17 where Y is 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanyl-, —B(OH)₂, -tributylstannyl, or other appropriate functional groups. Compound 17 is then reacted with a compound of formula 7 as described in Scheme 2 herein to give a compound of formula 16, which after nitro group reduction, ester hydrolysis, and intramolecular amide coupling reaction provides compound of Formula (I) (where R⁴ is hydroxy) which can be converted to other compound of Formula (I) as described above in Scheme 1.

In Method (ii), compound 15 is converted to a compound of formula 18 (where P¹ and P² are independently selected from H and Boc) by reduction of the nitro group with a suitable reducing agent, such as tin(II) chloride, followed by reaction of the resulting amino compound 18 (where P¹ and P² are each hydrogen) with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine to give the corresponding compound 18 (where P¹ and/or P² is Boc). Compound 18 is reacted with compound 4 under conditions similar as described above in Scheme 2 to provide a compound of formula 19 which is then converted to a compound of Formula (I) wherein R⁴ is hydroxy after removal of the amino protecting group(s) and/or intramolecular amide coupling, if needed, as described above. Compound of Formula (I) wherein R⁴ is hydroxy is further transformed into compound of Formula (I) wherein R⁴ is other appropriate groups following the procedure similar to those described above.

Compounds of Formula (I) where Z¹ is N, CH or C, Z² is N, X is C, and ring B, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined in the Summary, can be prepared by the following procedure described in Scheme 5.

Reaction of a compound of formula 20 (wherein -alk-R¹, R² and R³ are as defined in the Summary or a precursor group thereof, and Z¹ is either N, C or CH), with a compound of formula NHPG¹PG² (where PG¹ and PG² are either H or a suitable nitrogen protecting group such as benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl or Boc), followed by coupling reaction of the resulting amino compound 21 with compound 4 under reaction conditions described herein provides a compound of formula 22. Removal of the amino protecting groups (for example, with acid such as TFA or HCl when PG¹ and/or PG² is -p-methoxybenzyl) provides a compound of formula 23, which can be converted to a compound of Formula (I) subsequently by ester hydrolysis (for example, with a base such as NaOH or LiOH, when R′ is alkyl) and intramolecular amide coupling reaction under conditions described herein if needed. In some cases, the intermediate compound 23 (wherein R′ is not H) can cyclize directly into compound of Formula (I). Compounds of formula 20 (such as 2,3-dichloro-5-methoxy-6-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]pyridine and 2,3-dichloro-5-methoxy-6-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]pyrazine) can be made from commercially available material, such as perchloropyrazine and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridine, through procedures known to those skilled in the art. Other compounds of formula 20 can also be made from starting material, such as 5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-amine, 6-amino-5-chloro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)pyridin-2-ol, 6-amino-5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)pyridin-3-ol, 2,5-dichloro-6-methyl-nicotinonitrile, and 5,6-dichloronicotinonitrile. through procedures known to those skilled in the art.

Testing

The G9a inhibitory activity of the compounds of the present disclosure can be tested using the in vitro assay described in Biological Examples 1 below. The ability of the compounds of the disclosure to stimulated fetal hemoglobin can be tested using the in vitro assay described in Biological Example 2 below.

Administration and Pharmaceutical Composition

In general, the compounds of this disclosure will be administered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities. Therapeutically effective amounts of compounds this disclosure may range from about 0.01 to about 500 mg per kg subject body weight per day, which can be administered in single or multiple doses. A suitable dosage level may be from about 0.1 to about 250 mg/kg per day or about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level may be about 0.01 to about 250 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg per day, or about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage can be about 0.05 to about 0.5, about 0.5 to about 5 or about 5 to about 50 mg/kg per day. For oral administration, the compositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 1.0 to about 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 800, 900, or 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient. The actual amount of the compound of this disclosure, i.e., the active ingredient, will depend upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound being utilized, the route and form of administration, and other factors.

In general, compounds of this disclosure will be administered as pharmaceutical compositions by any one of the following routes: oral, systemic (e.g., transdermal, intranasal or by suppository), or parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous) administration. The preferred manner of administration is oral using a convenient daily dosage regimen, which can be adjusted according to the degree of affliction. Compositions can take the form of tablets, pills, capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, aerosols, or any other appropriate compositions.

The choice of formulation depends on various factors such as the mode of drug administration (e.g., for oral administration, formulations in the form of tablets, pills or capsules, including enteric coated or delayed release tablets, pills or capsules are preferred) and the bioavailability of the drug substance. Recently, pharmaceutical formulations have been developed especially for drugs that show poor bioavailability based upon the principle that bioavailability can be increased by increasing the surface area, i.e., decreasing particle size. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,288 describes a pharmaceutical formulation having particles in the size range from 10 to 1,000 nm in which the active material is supported on a cross-linked matrix of macromolecules. U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,684 describes the production of a pharmaceutical formulation in which the drug substance is pulverized to nanoparticles (average particle size of 400 nm) in the presence of a surface modifier and then dispersed in a liquid medium to give a pharmaceutical formulation that exhibits remarkably high bioavailability.

The compositions are comprised of in general, a compound of this disclosure in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Acceptable excipients are non-toxic, aid administration, and do not adversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the compound of this disclosure. Such excipient may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available to one of skill in the art.

Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like. Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc. Preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions, include water, saline, aqueous dextrose and glycols.

Compressed gases may be used to disperse a compound of this disclosure in aerosol form. Inert gases suitable for this purpose are nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.

Other suitable pharmaceutical excipients and their formulations are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, edited by E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Company, 20th ed., 2000).

The level of the compound in a formulation can vary within the full range employed by those skilled in the art. Typically, the formulation will contain, on a weight percent (wt. %) basis, from about 0.01-99.99 wt. % of a compound of this disclosure based on the total formulation, with the balance being one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients. For example, the compound is present at a level of about 1-80 wt. %.

The compounds of this disclosure may be used in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment of diseases or conditions for which compounds of this disclosure or the other drugs may have utility. Such other drug(s) may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present disclosure. When a compound of this disclosure is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing such other drugs and the compound of the present disclosure is preferred. However, the combination therapy may also include therapies in which the compound of this disclosure and one or more other drugs are administered on different overlapping schedules. It is also contemplated that when used in combination with one or more other active ingredients, the compounds of the present disclosure and the other active ingredients may be used in lower doses than when each is used singly.

Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure also include those that contain one or more other drugs, in addition to a compound of the present disclosure.

The above combinations include combinations of a compound of this disclosure not only with one other drug, but also with two or more other active drugs. Likewise, a compound of this disclosure may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the diseases or conditions for which a compound of this disclosure is useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present disclosure. When a compound of this disclosure is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound of this disclosure can be used. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure also include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of this disclosure. The weight ratio of the compound of this disclosure to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used.

Where the subject in need is suffering from or at risk of suffering from cancer, the subject can be treated with a compound of this disclosure in any combination with one or more other anti-cancer agents and/or anti-cancer therapies. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapies can be surgery and/or radiation therapy. In some embodiments, one or more of the anti-cancer agents are proapoptotic agents. Examples of anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, any of the following: gossyphol, genasense, polyphenol E, Chlorofusin, all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), bryostatin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, all trans retinoic acid, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib (Gleevec™), geldanamycin, 17-N-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), flavopiridol, LY294002, bortezomib, trastuzumab, BAY 11-7082, PKC412, or PD184352, Taxol™, also referred to as “paclitaxel”, which is a well-known anti-cancer drug which acts by enhancing and stabilizing microtubule formation, and analogs of Taxol™, such as docetaxel (Taxotere™). Compounds that have the basic taxane skeleton as a common structure feature, have also been shown to have the ability to arrest cells in the G2-M phases due to stabilized microtubules and may be useful for treating cancer in combination with the compounds described herein.

Further examples of anti-cancer agents for use in combination with a compound of this disclosure include inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, e.g., U0126, PD98059, PD184352, PD0325901, ARRY-142886, SB239063, SP600125, BAY 43-9006, wortmannin, or LY294002; Syk inhibitors; antibodies (e.g., rituxan); MET inhibitor such as foretinib, carbozantinib, or crizotinib; VEGFR inhibitor such as sunitinib, sorafenib, regorafinib, lenvatinib, vandetanib, carbozantinib, or axitinib; EGFR inhibitor such as afatinib, brivanib, carbozatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, neratinib, or lapatinib; PI3K inhibitor such as XL147, XL765, BKM120 (buparlisib), GDC-0941, BYL719, IPI145, BAY80-6946. BEX235 (dactolisib), CAL101 (idelalisib), GSK2636771, or TG100-115; MTOR inhibitor such as rapamycin (sirolimus), temsirolimus, everolimus, XL388, XL765, AZD2013, PF04691502, PKI-587, BEZ235, or GDC0349; MEK inhibitor such as AZD6244, trametinib, PD184352, pimasertinib, GDC-0973, or AZD8330; and proteasome inhibitor such as carfilzomib, MLN9708, delanzomib, or bortezomib.

Other anti-cancer agents that can be employed in combination with a compound of this disclosure include Adriamycin; Dactinomycin; Bleomycin; Vinblastine; Cisplatin; acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; aminoglutethimide; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa; azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa; bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin; bleomycin sulfate; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan; cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer; carboplatin; carmustine; carubicin hydrochloride; carzelesin; cedefingol; chlorambucil; cirolemycin; cladribine; crisnatol mesylate; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; daunorubicin hydrochloride; decitabine; dexormaplatin; dezaguanine; dezaguanine mesylate; diaziquone; doxorubicin; doxorubicin hydrochloride; droloxifene; droloxifene citrate; dromostanolone propionate; duazomycin; edatrexate; eflornithine hydrochloride; elsamitrucin; enloplatin; enpromate; epipropidine; epirubicin hydrochloride; erbulozole; esorubicin hydrochloride; estramustine; estramustine phosphate sodium; etanidazole; etoposide; etoposide phosphate; etoprine; fadrozole hydrochloride; fazarabine; fenretinide; floxuridine; fludarabine phosphate; fluorouracil; flurocitabine; fosquidone; fostriecin sodium; gemcitabine; gemcitabine hydrochloride; hydroxyurea; idarubicin hydrochloride; ifosfamide; ilmofosine; interleukin II (including recombinant interleukin II, or Ril2), interferon alfa-2a; interferon alfa-2b; interferon alfa-n1; interferon alfa-n3; interferon beta-1a; interferon gamma-1b; iproplatin; irinotecan hydrochloride; lanreotide acetate; letrozole; leuprolide acetate; liarozole hydrochloride; lometrexol sodium; lomustine; losoxantrone hydrochloride; masoprocol; maytansine; mechlorethamine hydrochloride; megestrol acetate; melengestrol acetate; melphalan; menogaril; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; methotrexate sodium; metoprine; meturedepa; mitindomide; mitocarcin; mitocromin; mitogillin; mitomalcin; mitomycin; mitosper; mitotane; mitoxantrone hydrochloride; mycophenolic acid; nocodazole; nogalamycin; ormaplatin; oxisuran; pegaspargase; peliomycin; pentamustine; peplomycin sulfate; perfosfamide; pipobroman; piposulfan; piroxantrone hydrochloride; plicamycin; plomestane; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednimustine; procarbazine hydrochloride; puromycin; puromycin hydrochloride; pyrazofurin; riboprine; rogletimide; safingol; safingol hydrochloride; semustine; simtrazene; sparfosate sodium; sparsomycin; spirogermanium hydrochloride; spiromustine; spiroplatin; streptonigrin; streptozocin; sulofenur; talisomycin; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; teloxantrone hydrochloride; temoporfin; teniposide; teroxirone; testolactone; thiamiprine; thioguanine; thiotepa; tiazofurin; tirapazamine; toremifene citrate; trestolone acetate; triciribine phosphate; trimetrexate; trimetrexate glucuronate; triptorelin; tubulozole hydrochloride; uracil mustard; uredepa; vapreotide; verteporfin; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate; vindesine; vindesine sulfate; vinepidine sulfate; vinglycinate sulfate; vinleurosine sulfate; vinorelbine tartrate; vinrosidine sulfate; vinzolidine sulfate; vorozole; zeniplatin; zinostatin; and zorubicin hydrochloride.

Other anti-cancer agents that can be employed in combination with a compound of the disclosure such as 20-epi-analogues of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; Bfgf inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; 9-dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflomithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; fmasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+diethylstilbe cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylerie conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; R₁₁ retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen-binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatin stimalamer.

Yet other anticancer agents that can be employed in combination with a compound of this disclosure include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, or hormones, e.g., nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, etc.), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan, etc.), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, etc.), or triazenes (decarbazine, etc.). Examples of antimetabolites include but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), pyrimidine analogs (e.g., cytarabine, etc.), or purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin, etc.).

Examples of natural products useful in combination with a compound of this disclosure include but are not limited to vinca alkaloids (e.g., vincristine, etc.), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide, etc.), antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, etc.), enzymes (e.g., L-asparaginase, etc.), or biological response modifiers (e.g., interferon alpha, etc.).

Examples of alkylating agents that can be employed in combination a compound of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, etc.), ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa, etc.), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan, etc.), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin, etc.), or triazenes (decarbazine, etc.). Examples of antimetabolites include, but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate, etc.), pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil, floxuridine, cytarabine, etc.), or purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin, etc.).

Examples of hormones and antagonists useful in combination a compound of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone, etc.), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate, etc.), estrogens (e.g., diethylstilbestrol and ethinyl estradiol, etc.), antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen, etc.), androgens (e.g., testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone, etc.), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide, etc.) and gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (e.g., leuprolide, etc.). Other agents that can be used in the methods and compositions described herein for the treatment or prevention of cancer include platinum coordination complexes (e.g., cisplatin, carboblatin, etc.), anthracenedione (e.g., mitoxantrone, etc.), substituted urea (e.g., hydroxyurea, etc.), methyl hydrazine derivative (e.g., procarbazine, etc.) and adrenocortical suppressant (e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide, etc.).

Examples of anti-cancer agents which act by arresting cells in the G2-M phases due to stabilized microtubules and which can be used in combination with an irreversible Btk inhibitor compound include without limitation the following marketed drugs and drugs in development: Erbulozole (also known as R-55104), Dolastatin 10 (also known as DLS-10 and NSC-376128), Mivobulin isethionate (also known as CI-980), Vincristine, NSC-639829, Discodermolide (also known as NVP-XX-A-296), ABT-751 (Abbott, also known as E-7010), Altorhyrtins (such as Altorhyrtin A and Altorhyrtin C), Spongistatins (such as Spongistatin 1, Spongistatin 2, Spongistatin 3, Spongistatin 4, Spongistatin 5, Spongistatin 6, Spongistatin 7, Spongistatin 8 and Spongistatin 9), Cemadotin hydrochloride (also known as LU-103793 and NSC-D-669356), Epothilones (such as Epothilone A, Epothilone B, Epothilone C (also known as desoxyepothilone A or dEpoA)), Epothilone D (also referred to as KOS-862, dEpoB and desoxyepothilone B), Epothilone E, Epothilone F, Epothilone B N-oxide, Epothilone A N-oxide, 16-aza-epothilone B, 21-aminoepothilone B (also known as BMS-310705), 21-hydroxyepothilone D (also known as Desoxyepothilone F and dEpoF), 26-fluoroepothilone, Auristatin PE (also known as NSC-654663), Soblidotin (also known as TZT-1027), LS-4559-P (Pharmacia, also known as LS-4577), LS-4578 (Pharmacia, also known as LS-477-P), LS-4477 (Pharmacia), LS-4559 (Pharmacia), RPR-112378 (Aventis), Vincristine sulfate, DZ-3358 (Daiichi), FR-182877 (Fujisawa, also known as WS-9885B), GS-164 (Takeda), GS-198 (Takeda), KAR-2 (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), BSF-223651 (BASF, also known as ILX-651 and LU-223651), SAH-49960 (Lilly/Novartis), SDZ-268970 (Lilly/Novartis), AM-97 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), AM-132 (Armad), AM-138 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), IDN-5005 (Indena), Cryptophycin 52 (also known as LY-355703), AC-7739 (Ajinomoto, also known as AVE-8063A and CS-39.HCl), AC-7700 (Ajinomoto, also known as AVE-8062, AVE-8062A, CS-39-L-Ser.HCl and RPR-258062A), Vitilevuamide, Tubulysin A, Canadensol, Centaureidin (also known as NSC-106969), T-138067 (Tularik, also known as T-67, TL-138067 and TI-138067), COBRA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, also known as DDE-261 and WHI-261), H10 (Kansas State University), H16 (Kansas State University), Oncocidin Al (also known as BTO-956 and DIME), DDE-313 (Parker Hughes Institute), Fijianolide B. Laulimalide, SPA-2 (Parker Hughes Institute), SPA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, also known as SPIKET-P), 3-IAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, also known as MF-569), Narcosine (also known as NSC-5366), Nascapine, D-24851 (Asta Medica), A-105972 (Abbott), Hemiasterlin, 3-BAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, also known as MF-191), TMPN (Arizona State University), Vanadocene acetylacetonate, T-138026 (Tularik), Monsatrol, Inanocine (also known as NSC-698666), 3-1AABE (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine), A-204197 (Abbott), T-607 (Tuiarik, also known as T-900607), RPR-115781 (Aventis), Eleutherobins (such as Desmethyleleutherobin, Desaetyleleutherobin, Isoeleutherobin A and Z-Eleutherobin), Caribaeoside, Caribaeolin, Halichondrin B, D-64131 (Asta Medica), D-68144 (Asta Medica), Diazonamide A, A-293620 (Abbott), NPI-2350 (Nereus), Taccalonolide A, TUB-245 (Aventis), A-259754 (Abbott), Diozostatin, (-)-Phenylahistin (also known as NSCL-96F037), D-68838 (Asta Medica), D-68836 (Asta Medica), Myoseverin B, D-43411 (Zentaris, also known as D-81862), A-289099 (Abbott), A-318315 (Abbott), HTI-286 (also known as SPA-110, trifluoroacetate salt) (Wyeth), D-82317 (Zentaris), D-82318 (Zentaris), SC-12983 (NCI), Resverastatin phosphate sodium, BPR-OY-007 (National Health Research Institutes) and SSR-250411 (Sanofi).

EXAMPLES

The following preparations of compounds of Formula (I) (Examples) and intermediates (References) are given to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand and to practice the present disclosure. They should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosure, but merely as being illustrative and representative thereof.

Reference 1 Synthesis of 1-[3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-1)

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a mixture of 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol (5.00 g, 29.56 mmol, 1.00 eq.), N,N-dimethylformamide (60 mL), potassium carbonate (8.10 g, 58.61 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and 1-(3-chloropropyl)pyrrolidine (5.99 g, 40.57 mmol, 1.10 eq.). The resulted mixture was allowed to stir at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with H₂O and extracted with ethyl acetate thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ as the eluent to provide 1-[3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine as yellow oil (4.80 g, 58%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 281.

Reference 2 Synthesis of 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2)

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-1) (4.80 g, 17.12 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (100 mL) and 10% Pd/C (500 mg). The flask was degassed and purged with H₂ for 5 times. The mixture was allowed to stir under H₂ atmosphere at rt for 4 h, and the solid was filtered off. Removal of organic solvents under reduced pressure provided 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline as tan oil (4.10 g, 96%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 251.2.

Reference 3 Synthesis of 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-3)

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 4-bromo-2-methoxyphenol (15.0 g, 73.88 mmol, 1.00 eq.), N,N-dimethylformamide (300 mL), 1-(3-chloropropyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (13.60 g, 73.88 mmol, 1.00 eq.), potassium iodide (12.26 g, 73.88 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and potassium carbonate (20.4 g, 147.76 mmol, 2.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 5 h at 70° C. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (6/1) to provide 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-3) as a brown oil (18.5 g, 80%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 314.0.

Reference 4 Synthesis of 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-4)

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-3) (18.0 g, 57.29 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in acetic acid (100 mL). To the stirring solution was added HNO₃ (50 mL) dropwise at 15° C. The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 3 h at 25° C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of ice water. The precipitate was collected by filtration to provide 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine as a yellow solid (18.1 g, 88%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 359.0.

Reference 5 Synthesis of 1-{3-[4-(4,4-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy]-propyl}pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-5)

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-4) (8.0 g, 22.27 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1.4-dioxane (200 mL), BPD (8.51 g, 33.51 mmol, 1.50 eq.), KOAc (4.38 g, 44.63 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (1.63 g, 2.23 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir under N₂ at 110° C. for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide 1-{3-[4-(4,4-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy]propyl}pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-5) as a gray solid (6.1 g, 67%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 407.2.

Reference 6 Synthesis of 2-fluoro-4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-6)

Step 1

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 2-fluoro-6-methoxyphenol (4.6 g, 32.36 mmol, 1.00 eq.), acetonitrile (150 mL), 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol hydrochloride (10.73 g, 58.26 mmol, 1.80 eq.), potassium carbonate (12.3 g, 89.00 mmol, 2.75 eq.) and potassium iodide (9.67 g, 58.26 mmol, 1.80 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 80° C. for 3 h. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/3) to provide 1-[3-(2-fluoro-6-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine as a yellow solid (4.35 g, 53%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 254.1.

Step 2

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask placed in 0° C. ice bath was added 1-[3-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (4.35 g, 17.17 mmol, 1.00 eq.). To the resulting mixture was added nitric acid (10 mL) slowly. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice water (50 mL). The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 8 with sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (1.0 M). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ×100 mL). The combined organic layers was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/5) to afford 1-[3-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-3-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine as a yellow oil (1.52 g, 30%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 299.2.

Step 3

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-3-nitrophenoxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (1.52 g, 5.10 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (30 mL) and 10% Pd/C (500 mg). The mixture was degassed and purged with hydrogen thrice. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir under H₂ atomosphere at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (50 mL) and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 2-fluoro-4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-6) as a yellow oil (1.27 g, 93%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 269.2.

Reference 7 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1)

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a mixture of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-ol (Example 37 below) (346 mg, 1.01 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and POCl₃ (4.5 mL). The resulted solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 2 h. After removal of volatiles under reduced pressure, the residue was poured into water. The mixture was adjusted with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2 N) to pH=8, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solid was filtered off, and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column with 25% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂(0.1% NH₄OH) as the eluent to provide the desired product (Intermediate II-1) as a yellow solid (214 mg, 59%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 361.2.

Reference 8 Synthesis of 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2)

The title compound was made from 2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-ol (Example 38 below) following a procedure similar as described for the synthesis of Intermediate II-1 above. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column with 25% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (0.1% NH₄OH) as the eluent to provide the desired product as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 375.2.

Reference 9 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2-methyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-3)

Step 1

Into a −78° C. solution of 3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one (14.40 g, 150.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) under N₂ atomosphere was added lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (150 mL, 2.0 M in THF, 300.0 mmol, 2.00 eq.) over 20 min. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at −78° C. for 1 h. A solution of dimethyl carbonate (14.85 g, 165.0 mmol, 1.10 eq.) in THF (150 mL) was added dropwise over 20 min. The resulting solution was allowed to warm from −78° C. to rt and allowed to stir for additional 3 h. The reaction mixture was poured into HCl aqueous solution (1.0 N) at 0° C. The organic layer was separated. The water layer was back extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/1) to provide methyl 4-methyl-2-oxocyclopent-3-ene-1-carboxylate as a light brown oil (6.13 g, 27%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 155.1.

Step 2

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of methyl 4-methyl-2-oxocyclopent-3-ene-1-carboxylate (6.13 g, 39.81 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (100 mL) and 10% Pd/C (400 mg). The flask was flushed with nitrogen thrice, followed by hydrogen twice. The mixture was allowed to stir under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 1 h. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/2) to afford methyl 4-methyl-2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate as a colorless oil (3.87 g, 62%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 157.2.

Step 3

The title compound was made from methyl 4-methyl-2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate and 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) following conditions similar as described in Example 37 below and Reference 7 above, except that the final crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (8/1) to provide the desired product as a light brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 375.2.

Reference 10 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4)

The title compound was made from methyl 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate (prepared according to literature procedure reported in Organic Letters, 2004, Vol 6, No. 24, page 44411-4414) and 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) following a procedure similar as described in Reference 9 above, except that final crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10-20% MeOH/dichloromethane (0.1% NH₄OH) to provide the title product as a light brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 389.2.

Reference 11 Synthesis of 3-[({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)methyl]-1-methylpyrrolidine (Intermediate II-5)

Step 1

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 2-oxocyclopentanel-carboxylate (14.2 g, 99.89 mmol, 1.00 eq.), toluene (150 mL), ethane-1,2-diol (12.4 g, 199.78 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and TsOH (860 mg, 4.99 mmol, 0.05 eq.). The solution was allowed to reflux overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (100 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 25% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/3) to provide methyl 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-6-carboxylate as a colorless oil (6.5 g. 35%).

Step 2

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]-nonane-6-carboxylate (6.5 g, 34.9 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (60 mL), water (30 mL) and sodium hydroxide (2.78 g, 69.7.00 mmol, 2.00 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 80° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water and treated with saturated aqueous NaH₂PO₄ solution to pH=5˜6). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-6-carboxylic acid as a white solid (3.94 g, 66%).

Step 3

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained under atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol (5.0 g, 29.56 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dichloromethane (70 mL), (1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methanol (6.8 g, 59.09 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and PPh3 (15.5 g, 59.09 mmol, 2.00 eq.). To this stirring solution was added a solution of di-t-butyl azodicarboxylate (13.6 g, 59.09 mmol, 2.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (30 mL) dropwise at 0° C. under N₂. The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 4 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (1/8) to provide 3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxymethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine as a light yellow solid (5.5 g, 70%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 267.1.

Step 4

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy-methyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine (5.5 g, 20.65 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (100 mL) and 10% Pd/C (500 mg). The flask was flushed with nitrogen thrice followed by with hydrogen twice. The mixture was allowed to stir under H₂ atmosphere at rt overnight. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 4-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]aniline as a light brown oil (4.8 g, 98%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 237.2.

Step 5

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-6-carboxylic acid (made in Step 2) (3.5 g, 20.31 mmol, 1.00 eq.), N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL), 4-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]aniline (4.8 g, 20.31 mmol, 1.00 eq.), DIEA (5.24 g, 40.62 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and HATU (9.3 g, 24.46 mmol, 1.20 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative MPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 15-25% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide N-[4-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-6-carboxamide in form of TFA salt as a yellow oil (3.4 g, 43%). LCMS (ES) [M-TFA+1]⁺ m/z 390.2.

Step 6

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of N-[4-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-6-carboxamide (3.4 g, 8.71 mmol, 1.00 eq.), MeCN (50 mL), aqueous HCl solution (17.5 mL, 2.0 N, 34.9 mmol, 4.00 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 50° C. for 5 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide crude N-[4-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl]-2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxamide hydrochloride salt as a yellow oil (3.05 g, 91%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 347.2.

Step 7

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of N-[4-methoxy-3-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl]-2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxamide hydrochloride salt (3.05 g, 8.80 mmol, 1.00 eq.), toluene (30 mL), and polyphosphoric acid (3 mL). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water (100 mL) and basified with aqueous NaOH solution (2.0 N) to pH ˜8. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl dichloromethane/methanol (8/1) to provide 8-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-ol as yellow oil (2.6 g, 90%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 328.2.

Step 8

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 8-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-ol (2.6 g, 7.92 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and POCl₃ (30 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 2 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 100 mL of dichloromethane, added into ice water (100 mL) dropwise and basified with aqueous NaOH solution (2.0 N) to pH=˜9. The resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl dichloromethane/methanol (8/1) to provide the title product as a light yellow solid (1.35 g, 49%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 347.1.

Reference 12 Synthesis of 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-6)

The title compound was made from 4-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]aniline (prepared in the synthesis of Intermediate II-5, step 4) following synthetic procedure described for the synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1), except that methyl 2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate was used in the place of methyl 2-oxocyclopentanel-carboxylate. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 361.2.

Reference 13 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-7)

The title compound was made as described in Reference 11, Steps 5-8, except that 2-fluoro-4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-6) was used in the place of 4-methoxy-3-[1(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]aniline. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 379.2.

Reference 14 Synthesis of 1-[3-({1-benzyl-4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-1)

Step 1

Into a −20° C. solution of 1-benzylpyrrolidin-2-one (1.00 g, 5.71 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (20 mL) under N₂ was added lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (6.3 mL, 2.0 M in THF, 12.6 mmol, 2.20 eq.) dropwise over 5 min. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at −20° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. Dry carbon dioxide gas was run through this solution at −20° C. for 0.5 h. The reaction was then quenched by saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (6.3 mL) and then diluted with water. The pH was adjusted to 2-3 with concentrated HCl. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1-benzyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a colorless oil (700 mg, 56%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 220.2.

Step 2

Into a 40-mL vial charged with solution of 1-benzyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (700 mg, 3.19 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (15 mL) was added 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) (839 mg, 3.35 mmol, 1.05 eq.), diisopropylethylamine (825 mg, 6.38 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and HATU (1.46 g, 3.84 mmol, 1.20 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 0.5 h. The solution was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1-benzyl-N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide as a brown oil (1.15 g, 80%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 452.4.

Step 3

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-benzyl-N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (1.15 g, 2.55 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and POCl₃ (23 mL). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 110° C. under condenser for 3 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and quenched with ice water (20 mL). The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 8 with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The resulting solution was extracted with a mixed solution of dichloromethane/MeOH (V/V=10/1) thrice. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with petroleum ether/THF (5% TEA) (1/4) to provide 1-[3-({1-benzyl-4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-1) as a brown solid (600 mg, 52%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 452.2.

Reference 15 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2)

Step 1

To a solution of 5,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (2.0 g, 17.67 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL) was added sodium hydride (848 mg, 21.20 mmol, 1.20 eq.) in portions at 0° C. The resulting solution was allowed to stir under N₂ at 0° C. for 0.5 h. To the above solution was added a solution of p-methoxybenzyl chloride (3.32 g, 21.20 mmol, 1.20 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) dropwise over 5 min. The solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 h before being quenched by water. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc thrice. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase preparative MPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 40-60% MeCN in water over a 8 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-2-one as a yellow oil (2.87 g, 70%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 234.1.

Step 2

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]-5,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (2.00 g, 8.57 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in dry THF (40 mL). To the above solution was added a solution of t-BuLi (12.3 mL, 1.6 M in pentane, 19.7 mmol, 2.3 eq.) dropwise with stirring at −78° C. The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 1.5 h at −78° C. under N₂. Dry CO₂ gas was allowed to run through the above solution at −78° C. for 0.5 h. After warming to 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched by saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution and diluted with water. The pH was adjusted to 2-3 with concentrated HCl and then extracted with EtOAc thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5,5-dimethyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a colorless oil (2.10 g, 87%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 278.2.

Step 3

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5,5-dimethyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (2.10 g, 7.57 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) (1.90 g, 7.59 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dichloromethane (30 mL), DIEA (1.96 g, 15.17 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and HATU (3.46 g, 9.10 mmol, 1.20 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at rt for 0.5 h. The solution was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃solution. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by silica gel column chromatography with petroleum ether/THF(5% TEA) (1/2) as the eluents to provide N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5,5-dimethyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide as a brown oil (2.10 g, 54%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 510.2.

Step 4

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5,5-dimethyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (1.50 g, 2.94 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and POCl₃ (30 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir under reflux for overnight. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added ice water and the pH value was adjusted to 8 with NaHCO₃ (solid). The mixture was extracted with a mixed solution of 10% MeOH/dichloromethane (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column with petroleum ether/THF (1/2) (mixed with 5% TEA) to provide 1-[3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2) as a brown oil (700 mg, 61%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 390.2.

Reference 16 Synthesis of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxybenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-3)

Step 1

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen was placed a mixture of 1-{3-[4-(4,4-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy]propyl}pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-5) (2.8 g, 6.89 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (100 mL), methyl 2-chloropyridine-3-carboxylate (1.77 g, 10.32 mmol, 1.50 eq.), potassium carbonate (1.9 g, 13.75 mmol, 2.00 eq.), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (797 mg, 0.69 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide methyl 2-[5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (1.6 g, 56%) as a gray solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 416.1.

Step 2

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of methyl 2-[5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (1.3 g, 3.13 mmol, 1.00 eq.), ethanol (50 mL), water (5 mL), Iron powder (1.75 g, 31.30 mmol, 10.00 eq.) and NH₄Cl (830 mg, 15.52 mmol, 5.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 90° C. for 6 h. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10-15% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide 9-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-5H,6H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-one as a red solid (780 mg, 71%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 354.1.

Step 3

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 9-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-5H,6H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-one (740 mg, 2.09 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and POCl₃ (10 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 6 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added ice water. The pH value of the mixture was adjusted to 7 with Na₂CO₃ (solid). The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10-15% MeOH/dichloromethane to provide 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxybenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-3) as a light yellow solid (430 mg, 55%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 372.1.

Reference 17 Synthesis of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-4)

The title compound was made following a synthetic procedure similar as described in Reference 16 above except thatmethyl 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylate was used in the palce of methyl 2-chloropyridine-3-carboxylate. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 386.2.

Reference 18 Synthesis of 1-[3-({6-chloro-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-5)

Step 1

Into a 0° C. mixture of sodium hydride (7.78 g, 60% in mineral oil, 194.58 mmol, 1.10 eq.) in THF (200 mL) under N₂ was added a solution of azepan-2-one (12.0 g, 106.1 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (100 mL) dropwise over 30 min. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 30 min at 0° C. To this resulting mixture was added a solution of p-methoxybenzyl chloride (18.2 g, 116.21 mmol, 1.10 eq.) in THF (100 mL) dropwise over 20 min. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 h, and was quenched withwater under N₂ atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/1) to provide 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]azepan-2-one as a light yellow oil (7.2 g, 29%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 234.1.

Step 2

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]azepan-2-one (7.3 g, 31.29 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (150 mL). To the resulting solution at −78° C. under N₂ was added lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (39.2 mL, 2 M ,78.3 mmol, 2.5 eq.) dropwise. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at −78° C. for 30 min. To the above solution was added a solution of dimethyl carbonate (5.6 g, 62.6 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in THF (50 mL) at −78° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was then quenched by saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, extracted with 105 MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ twice. The combined organic layerswere concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/1) to provide methyl 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoazepane-3-carboxylate as yellow oil (6.8 g, 75%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 292.1.

Step 3

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of methyl 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]-2-oxoazepane-3-carboxylate (6.7 g, 23.00 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (100 mL) and sodium hydroxide (2.76 g, 69.00 mmol, 3.00 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 3 h at room temperature. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to ˜6 with aqueous HCl (1.0 M) and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/dichloromethane to provide 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoazepane-3-carboxylic acid a yellow solid (6.1 g, 96%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 278.1.

Step 4

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoazepane-3-carboxylic acid (6.1 g, 22.00 mmol, 1.00 eq.), CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL), 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) (6.1 g, 24.13 mmol, 1.10 eq.), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (14.2 g, 109.87 mmol, 5.00 eq.) and HATU (9.2 g, 24.20 mmol, 1.10 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at rt for 4 h. The solution was washed with H₂O (2×50 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column using 10% MeOH/dichloromethane as the eluents to provide N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]-2-oxoazepane-3-carboxamide as yellow oil (8.1 g, 72%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 510.3.

Step 5

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoazepane-3-carboxamide (2.5 g, 4.91 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and POCl₃ (30 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 10 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with ice water (30 mL). The reaction mixture was treated with potassium carbonate (solid) till pH-99 and extracted with a mixed solution of 20% dichloromethane/80% MeOH thrice. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10-20% MeOH/dichloromethane/methanol (0.1% NH₄OH) to provide the title compound (Intermediate III-5) as a yellow solid (0.9 g, 47%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 390.2.

Reference 19 Synthesis of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-8-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-6)

Step 1

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of methyl 4-oxo-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-carboxylate (5.64 g, 35.69 mmol, 1.00 eq.), toluene (100 mL), ethane-1,2-diol (4.43 g, 71.39 mmol, 2.0 eq.), p-TsOH (615 mg, 3.57 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 24 h with reflux under a dean stark trap. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by a silica gel column eluted with 20% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether to afford methyl 1,4,8-trioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylate as a colorless oil (6.7 g, 93%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 203.1.

Step 2

Into a mixture of methyl 1,4,8-trioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylate (6.70 g, 33.16 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in MeOH/THF/H₂O (50 mL/50 mL/50 mL) was added NaOH (2.65 g, 66.32 mmol, 2.0 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 h. The organic solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was acidified to pH 5˜6 with aqueous HCl (1.0 N), extracted with ethyl acetate thrice The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1,4,8-trioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylic acid as white solid (3.97 g, 64%). LCMS (ES) [M−1]⁻ m/z 187.1.

Step 3

The title compound was made following a procedure similar as described above in Reference 11, Steps 5-8 but using 1,4,8-trioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylic acid and 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2).The final crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂(0.1% NH₄OH) to afford the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 377.2.

Reference 20 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-7)

The title compound was prepared from 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) and ethyl 4-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate following a synthetic sequences similar as described for the synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-ol in Example 37 below and (Intermediate II-1 above, except that final crude product was purified by reverse phase preparative MPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 25-45% MeCN in water over a 12 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the desired compound of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-7) as formate salt. LCMS (ES) [M-FA+1]⁺ m/z 363.2.

Reference 21 Synthesis of 8-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate III-8)

Step 1

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-(benzyloxy)cyclohexan-1-one (10.0 g, 48.96 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (100 mL). The flask was placed into ice bath, to the solution was added sodium hydride (2.35 g, 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 58.75 mmol, 1.20 eq.) and dimethyl carbonate (6.62 g, 73.49 mmol, 1.50 eq.) under N2 atmosphere. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir in an oil bath at 80° C. for 2 h. After cooling the reaction to room temperature, the reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate thrice. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide methyl 5-(benzyloxy)-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate as a colorless oil (12.5 g, 97%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 263.1.

Step 2

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of methyl 5-(benzyloxy)-2-oxo-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (9.18 g, 35.00 mmol, 1.00 eq.), ethane-1,2-diol (21.7 g, 349.62 mmol, 10.00 eq.), p-TsOH (1.81 g, 10.50 mmol, 0.30 eq.) and toluene (100 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 125° C. for 16 h with Dean-Stark trap to remove water. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool tor rt and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was diluted with 200 mL of H₂O, and the mixture was extracted with of ethyl acetate thrice. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the desired crude product of methyl 8-(benzyloxy)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylate as a yellow oil (10.8 g).

Step 3

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 8-(benzyloxy)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylate (5.50 g, 17.95 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (100 mL), water (10 mL) and sodium hydroxide (3.59 g, 89.75 mmol, 5.00 eq.) in portions. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 60° C. for 2 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 100 mL of H₂O. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 5 with aqueous HCl (2.0 N). The mixture was extracted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ five times. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the desired crude product of 8-(benzyloxy)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylic acid as yellow oil (4.75 g, 91%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 293.1.

Step 4

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 8-(benzyloxy)-1,4-dioxaspiro-[4.5]decane-6-carboxylic acid (4.50 g, 15.39 mmol, 1.00 eq.), N,N-dimethylformamide (60 mL), 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (3.85 g, 15.34 mmol, 1.00 eq.), N,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine (DIEA) (5.96 g, 46.12 mmol, 3.00 eq.) and HATU (8.78 g, 23.09 mmol, 1.50 eq.). The mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 1.0 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with H₂O and extracted with ethyl acetate thrice. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 8-(benzyloxy)-N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxamide as yellow oil (5.13 g, 64%) of. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 525.3.

Step 5

Into a 0° C. mixture of 8-(benzyloxy)-N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxamide (5.13 g, 9.78 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (50 mL) was added aq. HCl (37% 15 mL) dropwise over 5 min. The solution was allowed to stir at rt for 0.5 h. The resulting mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 100 mL of H₂O. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 8 with aq. NaOH (2.0 N). The resulting mixture was extracted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ four times. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 5-(benzyloxy)-N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxamide as brown crude oil (4.56 g, 97%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 481.3.

Step 6

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 5-(benzyloxy)-N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxamide (4.56 g, 9.49 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and POCl₃ (15 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir for at 100° C. for 2 hand then concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added 100 mL of ice water. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 8 with aq. NaOH (2.0 N), and the mixture was extracted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ four times. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide crude -(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate III-8) as brown crude oil (4.12 g, 90%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 481.2.

Reference 22 Synthesis of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-3-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[c]2,7-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-9)

Step 1

Into a −78° C. solution of 1-tert-butyl 3-methyl 4-oxopiperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (2.0 g, 7.78 mmol, 1.00 eq.),in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (2.0 g, 15.56 mmol, 2.0 eq.) followed by Tf₂O (3.28 g, 11.67 mmol, 1.50 eq.) dropwise. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and to stir for 3 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by H₂O and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried over the anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 25% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether to provide 1-(tert-butyl)-3-methyl-4-(((trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl)oxy)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate as yellow oil (2.4 g, 80%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 390.1.

Step 2

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a mixture of 1-(tert-butyl)-3-methyl-4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate (479 mg, 1.23 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dioxane (8 mL), water (2 mL), 1-{3-[4-(4,4-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy]propyl}pyrrolidine (Intermediate I-5) (500 mg, 1.23 mmol, 1.0 eq.), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (141 mg, 0.123 mmol, 0.1 eq.) and Na₂CO₃ (326 mg, 3.07 mmol, 2.5 eq.). The mixture was allowed to stir at reflux under N₂ for overnight. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether to provide 1-(tert-butyl) 3-methyl-4-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate as brown solid (216 mg, 34%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 520.3.

Step 3

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-(tert-butyl) 3-methyl-4-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate (216 mg, 0.415 mmol, 1.00 eq.), MeOH (10 mL) and 10% Pd/C (50 mg). The mixture was degassed and purged with hydrogen. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir under H₂ atomosphere at rt for overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (10 mL) and filtered through a small pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide tert-butyl 5-hydroxy-9-methoxy-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine-3(4H)-carboxylate as brown oil (200 mg, 95%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 458.3.

Step 4

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask was placed tert-butyl 5-hydroxy-9-methoxy-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine-3(4H)-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.436 mmol, 1.00 eq.) followed by POCl₃ (10 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 110° C. for 2 h. The organic volatiles were reduced under reduced pressure. To the residue was added 5 mL of ice/water and the pH value was adjusted to 8 with Na₂CO₃ (solid). The precipitate was collected through filtration to afford 5-chloro-9-methoxy-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine (180 mg, 91%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 376.1.

Step 5

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, were placed a mixture of 5-chloro-9-methoxy-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine (180 mg, 0.478 mmol, 1.00 eq.), acetonitrile (5 mL), water (2 mL), CH₂O (37% (aq.), 0.2 mL) and NaBH₃CN (74.6 mg, 1.18 mmol, 2.5 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 4 h. The mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative MPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 20-40% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound (Intermediate III-9) in form of formate salt as a brown solid (110 mg, 59%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 390.3.

Reference 23 Synthesis of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-10)

Step 1

To a solution of 3-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoic acid (50.0 g, 230.4 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (1200 mL) was added 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (33.1 g, 230.4 mmol, 1.00 eq.), EDCI (48.7 g, 253.4 mmol, 1.10 eq.) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (30.9 g, 253.4 mmol, 1.10 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir for at room temperature for 16 h. The solution was washed with H₂O (3×200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to provide tert-butyl 4-(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)-2-methyl-4-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate as an off-white solid (60.5 g, 77%). LCMS (ES) [M−1]⁻ m/z 342.1.

Step 2

To a 0° C. solution of tert-butyl N-[4-(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)-2-methyl-4-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate (60.5 g, 176.2 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in AcCN/AcOH (600 mL, V/V=3:1) was added NaBH₄ (20.1 g, 528.6 mmol, 3.00 eq.) in portions over 15 min. The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 40% MeCN in water to 71% MeCN in water over a 9 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% TFA) to provide tert-butyl 4-(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)-2-methylbutan-2-ylcarbamate as a white solid (35.5 g, 61%). LCMS (ES) [M−1]⁻ m/z 328.1.

Step 3

To a solution of tert-butyl N-[4-(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)-2-methylbutan-2-yl]carbamate (35.5 g, 107.9 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in methanol (150 mL) was added dioxane (150 mL) which was freshly saturated with hydrochloride (gas). The resulting solution was allowed to stir rt for 16 h. The solution was concentrated under vacuum to provide dimethyl 2-(3-amino-3-methylbutyl)malonate hydrochloride as a white solid (23.5 g, 86%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 218.1.

Step 4

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methanol (150 mL), 1,3-dimethyl 2-(3-amino-3-methylbutyl)propanedioate hydrochloride (23.5 g, 92.9 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and TEA (28.1 g, 278.7 mmol, 3.00 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 65° C. for 24 h. The volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was re-dissolved in with EtOAc (200 mL), washed with brine (2×50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Revoal of the organic solvents under reduced pressure provided methyl 6,6-dimethyl-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylate as a white solid (20.3 g, crude). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 186.2.

Step 5

To a solution of methyl 6,6-dimethyl-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylate (10.0 g, 54.0 mmol 1.00 eq.) in a mixed solution of THF/MeOH/H₂O (100 mL, V/V/V=5:5:1) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (4.54 g, 108.0 mmol, 2.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with H₂O (20 mL), acidified carefully with aqueous HCl (1.0 N) to pH ˜4, and the resulting mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (V/V=5:1, 3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to provide 6,6-dimethyl-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylic acid as a white solid (7.8 g, 84%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 172.2.

Step 6

To a solution of 6,6-dimethyl-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylic acid (8.0 g, 46.7 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (150 mL) was added TEA (12.0 g, 116.8 mmol, 2.50 eq.), 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (14.0 g, 56.0 mmol, 1.20 eq.), HOBt (9.5 g, 70.0 mmol, 1.50 eq.) and EDCI (13.4 g, 70.0 mmol, 1.50 eq.). The resulting solution was stirring for 16 h at room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 30% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% TFA) over multiple runs to provide N-(4-methoxy-3-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-6,6-dimethyl-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxamide as a white solid (16.8 g, 89%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 404.2.

Step 7

Into a 250-mL sealed tube, was placed a solution of POCl₃ (100 mL) and N-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl]-6,6-dimethyl-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxamide (10.0 g, 24.8 mmol, 1.00 eq.). The resulting solution was stirred at 170° C. for 7 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was pured into ice water (50 mL) and carefully basified with aqueous solution NaOH (2.0 N) (pH ˜8) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (V/V=5:1, 3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was diluted with DMF (50 mL), filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 40% MeCN in water to 71% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% TFA) over multiple runs to provide the title compound as an off-white solid. The compound was further purified by a silica gel column eluted with DCM/MeOH (4/1) to provide the title compound as a brown solid (0.5447 g, 5%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 4.17 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.25-3.10 (m, 6H), 2.92 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.39-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.02 (m, 5H), 1.83 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.37 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 404.2.

Reference 24 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]piperidine (Intermediate III-11)

The title compound was made from 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol and 1-(3-chloropropyl)piperidine hydrogen chloride following a procedure similar as described above for Intermediate II-1 . The crude product was purified by a silica gel column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide the title compound as light brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 375.1.

Reference 25 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]-3,3-dimethylpyrrolidine (Intermediate III-12)

Step 1

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol (10.0 g, 59.17 mmol, 1.00 eq.), CH₃CN (200 mL), 1-chloro-3-iodopropane (18.11 g, 88.76 mmol, 1.50 eq.) and potassium carbonate (16.33 g, 118.34 mmol, 2.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stirat 85° C. for 3 h and cooled to room temperature. The solids were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by a silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/2) to provide 2-(3-chloropropoxy)-1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene as an off-white solid (7.86 g, 54%).

Step 2

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 2-(3-chloropropoxy)-1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene (5.0 g, 20.41 mmol, 1.00 eq.), CH₃CN (100 mL), 3,3-dimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (2.76 g, 20.41 mmol, 1.00 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (13.31 g, 40.82 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and KI (6.78 g, 40.82 mmol, 2.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 16 h at 80° C. and cooled to room temperature. The solids were filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by a silica gel column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide 1-[3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]-3,3-dimethylpyrrolidine as a yellow solid (5.21 g, 83%). LCMS (ES) m/z 309.1 [M+1]⁺.

Step 3˜Step 6

The title compound was made from 1-[3-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)propyl]-3,3-dimethylpyrrolidine following a procedure similar as described for the synthesis of Intermediate II-1 above. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) m/z 389.2 [M+1]⁺.

Reference 26 Synthesis of [3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]dimethylamine (Intermediate III-13)

The title compound was made from 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol and 3-chloro-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine hydrogen chloride following a procedure similar as described above for the synthesis of Intermediate II-1. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 4.15 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.32-3.27 (m, 4H), 3.05 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.44-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 6H), 1.96-1.91 (m, 2H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 335.1.

Reference 27 Synthesis of [3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]diethylamine (Intermediate III-14)

The title compound was made from 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol and 3-chloro-N,N-diethylpropan-1-amine following a procedure similar as described above for the synthesis of Intermediate II-1. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 4.17 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.25 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.55 (m, 6H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.10-0.98 (m, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 363.2.

Reference 28 Synthesis of 4-[3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]morpholine (Intermediate III-15)

The title compound was made from 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol and 4-(3-chloropropyl)morpholine following a procedure similar as described for the synthesis of Intermediate II-1 above. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10/1) to provide the title compound as a light yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 377.2.

Example 1 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and methyl amine (2.0 N in THF), following a procedure similar as described in n Example 3 below, except that the crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 356.2.

Example 2 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-N-methyl-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and methyl amine (2.0 N in THF), following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 below, except the reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 80° C. for 2 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 370.2.

Example 3 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

A mixture of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]-pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) (250 mg, 0.69 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), and t-BuONa (331 mg, 3.45 mmol, 5.00 eq.) in a microwave reaction vial was purged with N₂ for 5 min. To the solution was added propan-2-amine (285 mg, 4.83 mol, 7.00 eq.), and 3rd Generation BrettPhos pre-catalyst (64 mg, 0.07 mmol, 0.10 eq.). After being purged with N₂ for additional 2 min, the resulting solution was sealed and subjected to microwave reactor (120° C., 1.5 h). The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and quenched with H₂O. After removal of the volatiles under reduced pressure, the residue was re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 mM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, waters; gradient elution of 10-25% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as brown oil (70 mg, 15%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 384.

Example 4 Synthesis of 2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)ethan-1-oltrifluoroacetate trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2-aminoethan-1-ol, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 mM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, waters; gradient elution of 10-25% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as brown oil. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 386.3.

Example 5 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-(2-phenylethyl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask maintained under atmosphere of dry nitrogen was placed 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) (150 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (10 mL), 2-phenylethan-1-amine (103 mg, 0.85 mmol, 2.00 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (277 mg, 0.85 mmol, 2.00 eq.), Pd₂(dba)₃CHCl₃ (43 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.10 eq.) and 2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (26 mg, 0.04 mmol, 0.10 eq.) subsequently. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ for overnight. The crude reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and treated with water (5 mL). After removal of volatiles, the residue was re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-20% MeCN in water over a 1 min period and 20%-43% MeCN in water over a 6.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow semi-solid (102.0 mg, 36%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 446.3.

Example 6 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-2-methyl-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of propan-2-amine (248 mg, 4.20 mmol, 2.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (20 mL), sodium sulfate (895 mg, 6.30 mmol, 3.00 eq.), ^(t)BuONa (604 mg, 6.30 mol, 3.00 eq.), 3rd Generation BrettPhos precatalyst (381 mg, 0.42 mmol, 0.20 eq.) and 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2-methyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-3) (787 mg, 2.10 mmol, 1.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 90° C. under N₂ for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 17-34% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% FA) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (102.8 mg, 12.3%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.4.

Example 7 Synthesis of N-cyclobutyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and cyclobutylamine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 5 above, except that reaction solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 16 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 8-24% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% FA) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid (153.8 mg, 19%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 396.4.

Example 8 Synthesis of N-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and cyclopentylamine, following the procedure described above in Example 3 , except that the reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 130° C. for 2.5 h. The crude reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was further purified by prep-HPLC (SunFire Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 36-49% MeCN in water over a 8 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid (522.9 mg, 49%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 410.4.

Example 9 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-methyl-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

Into a 50-mL seal tube was placed a mixture of 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine (Example 3) (110 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.00 eq.), ethanol (10 mL), CH₂O (aq. 37%) (0.23 mL, 2.90 mmol, 10.00 eq.) and NaBH₃CN (54 mg, 0.86 mmol, 3.00 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 120° C. for 16 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 20-32% MeCN in water over a 9.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (18.5 mg, 10%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.2.

Example 10 Synthesis of 1-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}pyrrolidine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and pyrrolidine, following the procedure described above in Example 3, except that reaction solution was left stirring at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 14 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-22% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a dark green solid (119.3 mg, 65%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 396.2.

Example 11 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

Into a 40-mL vial was placed 3-[({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)methyl]-1-methylpyrrolidine (Intermediate II-5) (300 mg, 0.86 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (6 mL), propan-2-amine (255 mg, 4.31 mmol, 5.00 eq.), t-BuONa (165 mg, 1.72 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and 3^(rd) Brettphos precatalyst (78.4 mg, 0.086 mmol, 0.10 eq.) subsequently. The resulting mixture was purged with N₂ for 5 min, sealed and allowed to stir at 90° C. for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 19-24% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as brown oil (203.1 mg, 39%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 370.4.

Example 12 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-N-(oxan-4-yl)-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 mM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, waters; gradient elution of 10-33% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.3.

Example 13 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and propan-2-amine following a procedure as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-30% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.3.

Example 14 Synthesis of N-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}acetamide trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and acetamide, following a procedure similar as described in Example 5 above except that crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 15-45% MeCN in water over a 9 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 384.2.

Example 15 Synthesis of 2-({2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-yl}amino)ethan-1-ol formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and 2-aminoethan-1-ol, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above, except that the crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA), flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 400.2.

Example 16 Synthesis of (1r,3r-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclobutan-1-ol trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and trans-3-aminocyclobutan-1-ol, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above, except that the crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 6-31% MeCN in water over a 9 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 412.3.

Example 17 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-[(3R)-oxolan-3-yl]-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-amine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3, except that reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ for 16 h. The crude product was subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 11-28% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a light yellow solid (138.4 mg, 33%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 412.4.

Example 18 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-[(3S)-oxolan-3-yl]-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-amine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above, except that reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ for 16 h. The crude product was subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 11-28% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 412.4.

Example 19 Synthesis of N-cyclopropyl-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and cyclopropanamine following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above, except that the crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 396.2.

Example 20 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-6-(methylamino)-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-8-ol formate

The title compound was made from 8-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate III-8) and methylamine (2.0 M in THF), following a procedure similar as described in in Example 61 , except that the crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 386.2.

Example 21 Synthesis of 1-[3-({8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) (250 mg, 0.69 mmol, 1.00 eq.), N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL), t-BuONa (331 mg, 3.45 mmol, 5.00 eq.), propan-2-amine (285 g, 4.83 mol, 7.00 eq.), Pd₂(dba)₃ (321 mg, 0.35 mmol, 0.50 eq.) and PCy3 (26 mg, 0.069 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 5 h at 90° C. under N₂. The mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 8-32% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a brown oil (66.4 mg, 22%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 327.3.

Example 22 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

Step 1

Into a 8 mL seal tube under N₂ was added a mixture of 1-[3-({1-benzyl-4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-1) (300 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1.4-dioxane (4 mL), MeNH₂ (1.6 mL, 2.0 M in THF, 3.32 mmol, 5.00 eq.), t-BuONa (127 mg, 1.32 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and 3rd Brettphos precatalyst (30 mg, 0.0332 mmol, 0.05 eq.) subsequently. The vial was sealed and the solution was allowed to stir at 90° C. for 1 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column with 33% petroleum ether in THF (both containing 5% trimethylamine) to provide the desired product of 1-benzyl-8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine as a light brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 447.2.

Step 2

To a solution of 1-benzyl-8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine (115 mg, 0.26 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in MeOH (3 mL) and CH₃CO₂H (0.1 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (10 mg). The mixture was degassed and purged with H₂ for several times. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a light brown oil (32.7 mg, 22%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 357.2.

Example 23 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2c]-quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({1-benzyl-4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-1), as described in Example 22, Step 1 above, except that propan-2-amine was used in place of methylamine. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-40% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a light brown oil (22.5 mg, 13%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 385.2.

Example 24 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N,2,2-trimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2) and methylamine (1.0 N in THF), following a procedure similar as described in Example 22 Step 1 above, except that the crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 15-32% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a brown oil (85.5 mg, 18%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 385.2.

Example 25 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 22, Step 1 above. The crude reaction mixture was diluted with N,N-dimethylformamide, filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 19-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a brown oil (118.1 mg, 24%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 413.2.

Example 26 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-N-methyl-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine formate

Step 1

Into a 40-mL sealed tube maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen was added mixture of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxybenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-3) (210 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1.00 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (368 mg, 1.13 mmol, 2.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (10 mL), MeNH₂/THF (1M in THF, 1.7 mL, 1.68 mmol, 3.00 eq.), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (35 mg, 0.06 mmol, 0.10 eq.), Pd₂(dba)₃CHCl₃ (59 mg, 0.06 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10-20% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂to provide the desired product of 9-methoxy-N-methyl-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine as a yellow oil (116 mg, 56%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 367.2.

Step 2

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 9-methoxy-N-methyl-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine (111 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (10 mL) and 10% Pd/C (50 mg). The mixture was degassed and purged with hydrogen for three times. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 6 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (50 mL) and the solids were filtered off through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL), filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; agradient elution of 5% MeCN in water over a 1.5 min period and 5-20% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a light yellow solid (57.1 mg, 41%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 371.1.

Example 27 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxybenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-3) following a procedure similar as described above in Example 26, except that propan-2-amine was used in place of methylamine in Step 1. The final crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water over a 1 min period and 5-25% MeCN in water over a 7 min period where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow oil. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 399.2.

Example 28 Synthesis of 1-[3-({9-methoxy-5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

Step 1

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxybenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-3) (220 mg, 0.59 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (20 mL), trimethyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane (598 mg, 50%/W in THF, 2.37 mmol, 4.00 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (580 mg, 1.78 mmol, 3.00 eq.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (69 mg, 0.06 mmol, 0.10 eq.) subsequently. The resulting mixture was allowed at 110° C. under N₂ for 3 h, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to purification by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10-15% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide the desired product of 1-[3-([9-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine as a yellow solid (155 mg, 75%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 352.2.

Step 2

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 1-[3-([9-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (150 mg, 0.43 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (10 mL), 10% Pd/C (15 mg). The mixture was degassed and purged with H₂ for several times and then stirred at rt under H₂ atmosphere (balloon) for 4 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 12-25% MeCN in water over a 8 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow oil (20.4 mg, 8%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 356.2.

Example 29 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-N,2-dimethyl-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine formate

Step 1

Into a seal tube was placed a solution of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-4) (200 mg, 0.52 mmol, 1.00 eq.), DMSO (10 mL) and CH₃NH₂ (5.2 mL, 1M in THF, 5.2 mmol, 10.00 eq.). The resulting solution was sealed and allowed to stir at 120° C. overnight. The reaction solution was diluted with water and extracted with a mixed solution of 20% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 5-20% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide the desired product of 9-methoxy-N,2-dimethyl-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine as a yellow solid (125 mg, 63%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 381.3.

Step 2

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 9-methoxy-N,2-dimethyl-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine (125 mg, 0.33 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (10 mL) and 10% Pd/C (15 mg). The resulting mixture was degassed and purged with H₂ for several time, and allowed to stir at rt under H₂ atmosphere for 6 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-17% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a white solid (23.3 mg, 16%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 385.3.

Example 30 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-2-methyl-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-4), following the procedure described in Example 29 above, except that propan-2-amine was used in place of methyl amine. The final crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-25% MeCN in water over a 7.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a white solid (33.1 mg, 24%). LCMS (ES)

[M+1]⁺ m/z 413.3.

Example 31 Synthesis of 1-[3-({9-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-4), following a procedure similar as described in Example 28 above. The final crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow semi-solid (31.4 mg, 17%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 370.2.

Example 32 Synthesis of 1-[3-({5-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-2-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

Step 1

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was added 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]-pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-4) (210 mg, 0.54 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (20 mL), cyclopropylboronic acid (94 mg, 1.09 mmol, 2.00 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (356 mg, 1.09 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (63 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.10 eq.) subsequently. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 110° C. under N₂ for 4 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 5-20% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂to provide the desired product of 1-[3-([5-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine as a yellow solid (135 mg, 63%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 392.2.

Step 2

Into a rt solution of 1-[3-([5-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (95 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was added a solution of 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) saturated with HCl (gas). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at rt for 1 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the corresponding HCl salt of 1-[3-([5-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine. To a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of the above HCl salt in methanol (10 mL) and 10% Pd/C (10 mg). The resulting mixture was degassed and purged with H₂ for several times and was then allowed to stir at rt under H₂ atmosphere for 6 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 20-33% MeCN in water over a 7.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a dark yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 396.2.

Example 33 Synthesis of 10-methoxy-N-methyl-9-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({6-chloro-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-5) and methylamine (1.0 N in THF), following a procedure similar as described in Example 22, Step 1. The crude mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-17% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a gray solid LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 385.2.

Example 34 Synthesis of 10-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-9-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({6-chloro-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-5) following a procedure similar as described in Example 22, Step 1, except that propan-2-amine was used in the place of methyl amine. The crude mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-21% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a gray solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 413.3.

Example 35 Synthesis of 1-[3-({8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate

To a mixture of 1-[3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2) (80.00 mg; 0.21 mmol) and zinc (300 mg, 4.6 mmol, 22 eq.) in MeOH was added aqueous HCl (37%, 0.5 mL). The mixture was left stirring at rt for 72 h and filtered through a small pad of celite. After removal of the solvents under reduced pressure, the residue was filtered and purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 356.2.

Example 36 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate

A mixture of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2) (80.00 mg; 0.21 mmol; 1.00 eq.), cyclopropylboronic acid (44.06 mg; 0.51 mmol; 2.50 eq.) and K₂CO₃ (87 mg, 0.63 mmol, 3.0 eq.) in a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide (2.5 mL) and water (1.0 mL) in a seal vial was purged with N₂ for 10 min. To the resulting mixture was added Pd₂(dba)₃ (62 mg, 0.067 mmol, 0.32 eq.). The vial was sealed and the mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 3 h. The crude reaction mixture was cooled to rt, quenched with water, and extracted with 30% PrOH/chloroform. The organic layers were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DMSO and subjected to purification by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES)

[M+1]⁺ m/z 396.4.

Example 37 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-ol trifluoroacetate

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) (1.00 g, 3.99 mmol, 1.00 eq.), ethyl 2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate (655 mg, 4.19 mmol, 1.05 eq.), p-TsOH (69 mg, 0.20 mmol, 0.05 eq.) and toluene (15 mL). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 110° C. for 1 h. After the starting material was consumed completely, the mixture was cooled to rt. To the mixture was added polyphosphoric acid (1 mL). The mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 1.0 h. After removal of volatiles under reduced pressure, the residue was diluted with 100 mL of H₂O and the pH value of the solution was adjusted to 9 with aqueous NaOH solution (2 N). The mixture was extracted with a mixed solvent of 20%^(i)PrOH/80% CHCl₃. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected for purification on reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 17-32% MeCN in water over 7 min, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) , flow rate: 20 mL/min, detector UV wavelength: 254 nm) to afford the title compound as a gray solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 343.2.

Example 38 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-ol trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 4-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (Intermediate I-2) following a procedure similar as described in Example 37, except that ethyl 2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate was used in place of ethyl 2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 375.2.

Example 39 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-N-[1-(propan-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and 1-isopropylpiperidin-4-amine, following a procedure described in Example 3, except that the crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10-30% MeCN in water over a 7.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 481.4.

Example 40 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) following a procedure similar as described in Example 21. The crude product was purified by reverse HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 8-32% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compounds as a light brown oil. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 341.3.

Example 41 Synthesis of N-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}-1-methylpiperidin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 1-methylpiperidin-4-amine, following a procedure similar as described Example 3, except that the crude product was purified by reverse preparative (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 439.4.

Example 42 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-N-(oxan-4-yl)-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3.The crude product was purified by reverse preparative (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.3.

Example 43 Synthesis of N-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}-1-(propan-2-yl)piperidin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 1-isopropylpiperidin-4-amine following a procedure similar as described in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 467.4.

Example 44 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-(oxetan-3-yl)-'7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and oxetan-3-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 5-38% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.3.

Examples 45 and 46 Synthesis of 7-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (45) and 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (46)

Step 1

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 3,4-dimethoxybenzenamine (7.5 g, 48.96 mmol, 1.00 eq.), toluene (100 mL), ethyl 4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (9.3 g, 58.75 mmol, 1.20 eq.) and p-TsOH.H₂O (932 mg, 4.90 mmol, 0.1 eq.) subsequently. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir under reflux with Dean-Stark for 4 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with saturated aqueous sodium carbonate, brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After removal of the organic solvents under reduced pressure, the resulting brown solid was dissolved in toluene. To the solution was added poly phosphoric acid (PPA) (20 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 4 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water and the pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7 with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide crude 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin-4-ol as a brown thick oil (7.1 g). LCMS (ES) [M+1]+ m/z 248.1.

Step 2

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask charge with crude 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolin-4-ol (7.1 g, crude, 28.72 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was added POCl₃ (100 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 4 h. After removal of volatiles under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with ice/water and the pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7 with aqueous NaHCO₃ (1.0 M) solution. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate thrice. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/2) to provide 4-chloro-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinoline as a yellow solid (3.5 g, 27%, 2 steps). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 266.1.

Step 3

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 4-chloro-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinoline (3.5 g, 13.17 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dichloroethane (50 mL) and AlCl₃ (1.75 g, 13.17 mmol, 1.0 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 40° C. for 6 h, cooled to rt, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and then treated with ice water. The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and the filter cake was washed with CH₂Cl₂. The filtrated was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to afford a mixture of 4-chloro-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolone and 4-chloro-7-methoxy-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolone (1:1) as a yellow oil (1.40 g). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 252.1.

Step 4

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 4-chloro-8-methoxy-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolone and 4-chloro-7-methoxy-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]quinolone (1:1, 1.40 g, 5.56 mmol, 1.00 eq.), potassium carbonate (2.30 g, 16.69 mmol, 3.0 eq.), acetonitrile (30 mL), 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol hydrochloride (1.84 g, 10.01 mmol, 1.80 eq.) and potassium iodide (1.66 g, 10.01 mmol, 1.80 eq.). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 80° C. for 3 h. The solids were filtered off, and the filter cake was washed with acetonitrile (2×30 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide a mixture of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine and 1-[3-({4-chloro-7-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (1:1, 0.99 g) as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 363.2.

Step 5

Into a 8-mL seal tube was added 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine and 1-[3-({4-chloro-7-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (1:1, 330 mg, 0.91 mmol, 1.0 eq.), dry 1,4-dioxane (4 mL), propan-2-amine (269 mg, 4.56 mmol, 5.00 eq.), t-BuONa (175 mg, 1.82 mmol, 2.00 eq.), 4 Å MS (50 mg) and 3rd-BrettPhos precatalyst (56 mg, 0.063 mmol, 0.05 eq.) subsequently. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 90° C. under N₂ for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide a mixture of the two crude desired products (326 mg). Purification of this crude mixture by chiral-Prep-HPLC with the conditions (Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-4 column, 21.2×250 mm; Mobile phase: 70% n-Hexane (0.1% diethylamine)/30% Ethanol; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Detector 254 nm) to provide two fractions as below:

The first fraction was collected (Rt=6.5 min) to provide 7-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (45) as a light yellow solid (82.5 mg). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 386.3.

The second fraction was collected (Rt=7.2 min) to provide 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (46) as a light yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M−1]⁺ m/z 386.4.

Examples 47 and 48 Synthesis of N-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (47) and N-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (48)

The title compounds were made from a mixture of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine and 1-[3-({4-chloro-7-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (1:1.) (prepared in Example 45 and 46, Step 4), following a procedure similar as described above in Example 45 and 46, Step 5, except that cyclopropanamine was used in the place of propan-2-amine.

The crude mixture was purified by a silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide a mixture containing both the desired products. Purification of this crude mixture by chiral-Prep-HPLC with the conditions (Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-4 column, 21.2×250 mm; Mobile phase: 70% n-Hexane (0.1% diethylamine)/30% Ethanol; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Detector 254 nm) to provide two fractions as below:

The first fraction was collected (Rt=15.0 min) to provide N-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (47) as a light yellow solid (82.5 mg). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 384.3.

The second fraction was collected (Rt=17.8 min) to provide N-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine (48) as a light yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M−1]⁺ m/z 384.3.

Example 49 Synthesis of N-(cyclobutylmethyl)-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and cyclobutylmethanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-35% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 410.3.

Example 50 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-6) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3 except that reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 80° C. for 3 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 400.3.

Example 51 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-6) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3.The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 17-34% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% FA) to provide the title compound as a dark green solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 384.3.

Example 52 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxybenzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-3) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3.The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 8-24% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% FA) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 395.3.

Example 53 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N,2,2-trimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and ethylamine (2.0 M in THF), following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC ((Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 384.3.

Example 54 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC ((Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 412.3.

Example 55 Synthesis of N-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]-quinolin-5-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-6) and cyclopropanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 80° C. for 3 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.2.

Example 56 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-ol formate

Step 1

A mixture of 1H-pyrazol-5-ylboronic acid (186.90 mg; 1.67 mmol; 1.20 eq.), potassium carbonate (384.17 mg; 2.78 mmol; 2.00 eq.) and 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (500.00 mg; 1.39 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in a mixed solvent of dimethylethane (2.0 mL) and water (0.6 mL) in a seal vial was purged with N₂ for 10 min. To the mixture was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (80 mg, 0.07 mmol, 0.05 eq.) and CuI (27 mg, 0.14 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The vial was sealed and the mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. for 16 h. The crude reaction mixture was cooled to rt, quenched with water, extracted with 30%^(i)PrOH/chloroform. The organic layers were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 5-15% solvent A in CH₂Cl₂ (Solvent A is 0.1% NH₄OH/10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to provide 5-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole as a brown syrup (310 mg, 64%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 347.3.

Step 2

To a solution of 5-{5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl}-1H-pyrazole (310.00 mg; 0.89 mol) in MeOH (8 mL) was added Pd/C (30 mg). The reaction flask was purged with nitrogen once followed with hydrogen twice. The mixture was allowed to stir at 60° C. for 2.5 h. The solid was filtered off through a small pad of celite. Removal of the organic solvent under reduced pressure provided 4-methoxy-2-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-5-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline as a brown oil (252 mg, 92%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 317.3.

Step 3

To a flask charged with 4-methoxy-2-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-5-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]aniline (152.00 mg; 0.48 mmol; 1.00 eq.) was added anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) followed by N,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine (0.2 mL). The resulting solution was cooled to -78° C. and to the mixture was added bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (49.90 mg; 0.17 mmol; 0.35 eq.). After stirring at −78° C. for 20 min, the reaction flask was removed from the bath and allowed to stir at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with 30%^(i)PrOH/chloroform thrice. The organic layers were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolve din DMSO and subjected to purification by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a white solid (33 mg, 19%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 343.3.

Example 57 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-N-methyl-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]-quinolin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-6) and methyl amine (2.0 M in THF), following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 120° C. for 1.0 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 mM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 372.2.

Example 58 Synthesis of N-ethyl-9-methoxy-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-5-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-1H,2H,4H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-6) and ethylamine (2.0 M in THF), following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 120° C. for 1.0 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 mM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 386.2.

Example 59 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-7) and methylamine (2.0 N in THF), following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 100° C. for 1.0 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a light brown solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₆, ppm): 8.48 (br, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.31-4.28 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.47 (m, 6H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.38-2.36 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.10 (m, 4H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 358.2.

Example 60 Synthesis of N-ethyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-7) and ethylamine (2.0 N in THF), following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction was conducted in microwave reactor at 100° C. for 1.0 h. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a light brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 372.2.

Example 61 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-6-(methylamino)-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-8-ol formate

Step 1

Into a 40-mL seal tube vial purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a mixture of 8-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate III-8) (1.00 g, 2.08 mmol, 1.00 eq.), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (10 mL), MeNH₂ (5.2 mL, 2 N in THF, 10.4 mmol, 5.00 eq.), 3rd Brettphos precatalyst (189 mg, 0.208 mmol, 0.10 eq.), t-BuONa (400 mg, 4.16 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and 4 Å MS (400 mg) subsequently. The vial was sealed and the resulting solution was allowed to stir for 16 h at 90° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with 100 mL of 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a crude product of 8-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxy-N-methyl-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine as a brown crude oil (956 mg). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 476.4.

Step 2

Into a 0° C. solution of 8-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxy-N-methyl-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine (500 mg, 1.05 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was added TMSI (421 mg, 2.10 mmol, 2.00 eq.) dropwise with stirring. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by saturated aq. NaHCO₃. The mixture was diluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 5 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 18%-22% MeCN in water over a 8 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% FA) to provide the title compound as a green solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 386.2.

Example 62 Synthesis of 1-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid formate

A mixture of 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]-pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) (150 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), and t-BuONa (160 mg, 1.66 mmol, 4.00 eq.) in a microwave reaction vial was purged with N₂ for 5 min. To the solution was added 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carbonitrile hydrochloride (103 mg, 0.86 mol, 2.1 eq.), and 3rd Generation BrettPhos pre-catalyst (32 mg, 0.04 mmol, 0.05 eq.). After being purged with N₂ for additional 2 min, the resulting solution was sealed and subjected to microwave reactor (130° C., 2.5 h). The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and quenched with H₂O. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 2 h. After removal of the volatiles under reduced pressure, the residue was re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min)) to provide the title compound as a brown oil (65 mg, 38%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 426.2.

Example 63 Synthesis of 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-7) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 mM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a light brown oil. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 402.2.

Example 64 Synthesis of 3-({2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-yl}amino)cyclobutan-1-ol formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and trans-3-aminocyclobutan-1-ol, following as procedure similar as described above in Example 3. The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10-28% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 426.3.

Example 65 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3. The crude mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10-25% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 424.3.

Example 66 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropan-1-amine, following z procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the crude mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column eluted with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LC-MS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 438.2.

Example 67 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-6-amine formate

The title compound was made from 6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate II-2) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-amine, following a procedure similar described above in Example 3, except that the crude mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 12-27% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid (116.3 mg, 36%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 438.4.

Example 68 Synthesis of 2-methoxy-6-[(propan-2-yl)amino]-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridin-8-ol trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 8-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2-methoxy-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthridine (Intermediate III-8) following a procedure similar as described above in Example 61, except that propan-2-amine was used in place of MeNH₂. The crude product of the final step as purified by reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 8-22% MeCN in water over a 8 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a light brown oil (90.0 mg, 18% over 2 steps). ⁻LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 414.2.

Example 69 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-methyl-N-phenyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and N-methylaniline following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5, except that reaction solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 16 h. The crude mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-20% MeCN in water over a 1 min period and 20-35% MeCN in water over a 9 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. ⁻LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 432.2.

Example 70 Synthesis of 1-{8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}pyrrolidine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and pyrrolidine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5, except that reaction solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 16 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5-22% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a dark green solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 396.2.

Example 71 Synthesis of 9-methoxy-3-methyl-N-(propan-2-yl)-8-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[c]2,7-naphthyridin-5-amine formate

Into a 8-mL seal vial, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-({5-chloro-9-methoxy-3-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[c]2,7-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-9) (110 mg, 0.281 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dry 1.4-dioxane (3 mL), propan-2-amine (83 mg, 1.40 mmol, 5.00 eq.), t-BuONa (81 mg, 0.843 mmol, 3.00 eq.) and 3rd-BrettPhos precatalyst (12 mg, 0.013 mmol, 0.05 eq.) subsequently. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 mM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 13-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a brown solid (72 mg, 62%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 413.3.

Example 72 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-methyl-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

Into a 50-mL sealed tube was placed 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine (Example 3) (110 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.00 eq.), ethanol (10 mL), CH₂O (aq.37%) (0.23 mL, 2.90 mmol, 10.00 eq.) and NaBH₃CN (54 mg, 0.86 mmol, 3.00 eq.) subsequently. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 120° C. for 16 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 20-32% MeCN in water over a 9.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.3.

Example 73 Synthesis of N-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-N-methyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from N-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine (Example 8) following a procedure similar as described above in Example 72, except that the reaction solution was allowed to stir at 120° C. for 2 days. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 20-42% MeCN in water over a 9.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to provide the title compound as a yellow semi-solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 424.3.

Example 74 Synthesis of N-ethyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and ethylamine (2.0 M in THF), following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3 ,The crude product was purified by reverse preparative HPLC ((Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.3.

Example 75 Synthesis of 1-[3-({9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate

To a 8-mL vial was added dioxane/H₂O (4 mL, V/V=5/1), 1-[3-([5-chloro-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-10) (200 mg, 0.50 mmol, 1.00 eq.), K₃PO₄ (212 mg, 1.00 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and Pd(Amphos)Cl₂ (35 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 90° C. under N₂. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. To the residue was added DMF (5 mL). The mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 15% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (7.9 mg, 4%) as a brown semi-solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 4.34 (br, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.56-3.48 (m, 6H), 2.96 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (br, 2H), 2.15 (br, 4H), 1.91 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.49 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 370.2.

Example 76 Synthesis of 1-[3-({5-cyclopropyl-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate

Into a 40-mL vial, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-([5-chloro-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-10) (700 mg, 1.73 mmol, 1.00 eq.), toluene (20 mL), water (2 mL), cyclopropylboronic acid (1.09 g, 12.69 mmol, 5.00 eq.), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (115 mg, 0.16 mmol, 0.10 eq.) and potassium carbonate (1.09 g, 7.89 mmol, 5.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 90° C. under N₂ and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with DMF (5 mL), filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 30% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (59.8 mg, 6%) as a brown semi-solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.23 (s, 3H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 4.10 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.90 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.76-2.67 (m, 6H), 2.21-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.75 (m, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.05-0.88 (m, 4H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 410.5.

Example 77 Synthesis of 1-(3-{[9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine formate

Step 1

Into a 40-mL vial, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-([5-chloro-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-10) (700 mg, 1.74 mmol, 1.00 eq.), ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (20 mL), water (2 mL), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (1.46 g, 8.70 mmol, 5.00 eq.), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (402 mg, 0.348 mmol, 0.20 eq.) and Cs₂CO₃ (2.83 g, 8.70 mmol, 5.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 90° C. under N₂. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with DMF (5 mL), filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 30% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide 9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-8-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine (316.0 mg, 45%) as a brown oil. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z410.5.

Step 2

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of 1-(3-[[9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy]propyl)pyrrolidine (316 mg, 0.77 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (10 mL) and 10% Pd/C (300 mg). The mixture was degassed and purged with hydrogen for 3 times. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h under H₂ at room temperature. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 9% MeCN in water to 18% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (17.2 mg, 13%) as a yellow semi-solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.27 (s, 3H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.40-3.31 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.67 (m, 8H), 2.08-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.74 (m, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.28 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 412.5.

Example 78 Synthesis of 1-[3-({9-methoxy-2,2,5-trimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine

Into a 40-mL vial, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-([5-chloro-9-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H,4H-benzo[h]1,6-naphthyridin-8-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-10) (700 mg, 1.73 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dioxane (20 mL), water (2 mL), methylboronic acid (1.5 g, 25.06 mmol, 10.00 eq.), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (402 mg, 0.35 mmol, 0.20 eq.) and potassium carbonate (1.02 g, 7.38 mmol, 5.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 90° C. under N₂. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 25% MeCN in water over a 8 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a brown semi-solid (114.6, 13%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.29 (s, 3H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 4.13 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.74-2.67 (m, 4H), 2.66-2.61 (m, 4H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.74 (m, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 384.4

Example 79 Synthesis of 1-[3-({6-cyclopentyl-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine triflate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({6-chloro-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-5) and 2-(cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 77 above, except that reaction solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 16 h. The crude was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 17% MeCN in water to 32% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound as a brown viscous oil (88.4 mg, 24%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.23 (br, 1H), 9.69 (br, 1H), 8.48 (br, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 4.21-4.17 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.68-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.13-2.97 (m, 4H), 2.29-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.70 (m, 16H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 424.3.

Example 80 Synthesis of 1-[3-({6-cyclopropyl-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

Into a 40-mL vial, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-({6-chloro-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-5) (500 mg, 1.28 mmol, 1.00 eq.), toluene (10 mL), cyclopropylboronic acid (222 mg, 2.58 mmol, 2.00 eq.), potassium carbonate (534 mg, 3.86 mmol, 3.00 eq.) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (98.2 mg, 0.13 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 100° C. under N₂ and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in DMF (5 mL), filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 2% MeCN in water to 25% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound as a yellow oil (111.1 mg, 14%). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.33 (s, 1H), 9.67 (br, 1H), 8.44 (br, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 4.18-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.36-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.17 (m, 2H), 3.13-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.23 (m, 3H), 2.13-1.98 (m, 6H), 1.89-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.13 (m, 2H), 1.06-1.00 (m, 2H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 396.3.

Example 81 Synthesis of 1-(3-{[10-methoxy-6-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({6-chloro-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-5) and 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 79 above, except that reaction solvents were DME/H₂O (V/V=5/1) and allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 16 h. The crude product was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 16% MeCN in water to 30% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (101.4 mg, 40%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.35 (br, 1H), 9.86 (br, 1H), 8.53 (br, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 4.21-4.18 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.68-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.12-2.97 (m, 4H), 2.29-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.04-1.82 (m, 8H), 1.36 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.2.

Example 82 Synthesis of 1-[3-({10-methoxy-6-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

Into a 40-mL vial, was placed a mixture of 1-[3-({6-chloro-10-methoxy-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-azepino[3,2-c]quinolin-9-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-5) (500 mg, 1.28 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dioxane (5 mL), methylboronic acid (93 mg, 1.55 mmol, 1.20 eq.), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (68 mg, 0.064 mmol, 0.05 eq.) and potassium carbonate (534 mg, 3.86 mmol, 3.00 eq.). The mixture was stirred for 16 h at 100° C. under N₂ and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with DMF (10 mL), filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM X Bridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 17% MeCN in water to 32% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow oil (114.3 mg, 18%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.76 (br, 1H), 8.42 (br, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.75-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.68-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.36-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.97-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.27-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.12-1.92 (m, 6H), 1.91-1.88 (m, 2H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 370.2.

Example 83 Synthesis of 1-(3-{[4-(cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine

Into a 8 mL seal tube under N₂ was added a mixture of 1-[3-[4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2) (250.00 mg; 0.64 mmol; 1.00 eq.), 1-cyclopenten-1-ylboronic acid (143.54 mg; 1.28 mmol; 2.00 eq.), 4-[di(tert-butyl)phosphino]-N,N-dimethylaniline compound with dichloropalladium (2:1) (90.80 mg; 0.13 mmol; 0.20 eq.) and K₃PO₄ (680.48 mg; 3.21 mmol; 5.00 eq.) in toluene (7.50 mL) and water (0.75 mL). The vial was sealed and heated at 60° C. for 90 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was redissoved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-50% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% hydrochloric acid) to provide the title compound (110 mg, 32%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 422.1.

Example 84 Synthesis of 4-[(propan-2-yl)amino]-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-8-ol trifluoroacetate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine (1.0 g, 2.61 mmol, 1.00 eq.), AcOH (20 mL) and 48% HBr aqueous solution (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 100° C. and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with DMF (20 mL), filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative MPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 25% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound as a brown solid (750 mg, 48%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.38 (s, 1H), 9.90 (br, 2H), 8.12 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 4.37-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.71-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.47-3.33 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.00 (m, 4H), 2.92-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.23-2.10 (m, 4H), 2.07-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.33 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 370.3.

Example 85 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 4-chloro-8-methoxy-7-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolone (Intermediate III-11) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM, X Bridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 7% MeCN in water to 27% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (197.7 mg, 38%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (s, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 5.74 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.44-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.83-2.75 (m, 8H), 2.20-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.21 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.3.

Example 86 Synthesis of 7-[3-(3,3-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H, 2H, 3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy) propyl]-3, 3-dimethylpyrrolidine (Intermediate III-12) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 21% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (103.1 mg, 20%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.21 (s, 2H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 5.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.10 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.87-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.74 (m, 4H), 2.55-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.61 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H), 1.08 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES) m/z 412.3 [M−1]⁺.

Example 87 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-N-(3-methylbutyl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and 3-methyl butanamine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated and the crude dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 19-35% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a white powder (19 mg, 30%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.1.

Example 88 Synthesis of N-[(1S)-1-cyclopropylethyl]-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (S)-1-cyclopropylethan-1-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 20% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% FA) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid (36.2 mg, 14%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.14 (s, 0.4H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.91 (br, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.81-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.23 (m, 6H), 3.09-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.13 (m, 4H), 1.95-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.26 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.09-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.49-0.33 (m, 3H), 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H). LCMS (ES) [M +1]⁺ m/z 410.2.

Example 89 Synthesis of N-[(1R)-1-cyclopropylethyl]-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (R)-1-cyclopropylethan-1-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 20% MeCN in water over a 10 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% FA) to provide the title compound as an off-white solid (43.2 mg, 17%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 4.31 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.64-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.49 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.28 (m, 5H), 3.02-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.32 (m, 4H), 2.15-2.10 (m, 4H), 1.45 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.24-1.18 (m, 1H), 0.69-0.56 (m, 2H), 0.40-0.33 (m, 2H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 410.2.

Example 90 Synthesis of 1-(3-{[8-methoxy-4-(5-methylfuran-3-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine formate

Step 1

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of methyl 4-bromofuran-2-carboxylate (3.0 g, 14.63 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (100 mL), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (11.1 g, 43.89 mmol, 3.00 eq.), KOAc (4.3 g, 43.89 mmol, 3.00 eq.) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (534 mg, 0.73 mmol, 0.05 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 90° C. under N₂. The mixture was cooled to at and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by a silica gel column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/3) to provide methyl 4-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)furan-2-carboxylate (1.3 g, 35%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) m/z 253.2 [M+1]⁺.

Step 2

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of methyl 4-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)furan-2-carboxylate (500 mg, 1.98 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (60 mL), water (10 mL), 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) (568.8 mg, 1.58 mmol, 0.80 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (1.9 g, 5.94 mmol, 3.00 eq.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (116 mg, 0.10 mmol, 0.05 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 100° C. under N₂. The mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by a silica gel column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (5/1) to provide methyl 4-[8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl]furan-2-carboxylate (335 mg, 37%) as a gray solid. LCMS (ES) m/z 451.2 [M+1]⁺.

Step 3

Into a stirring solution of methyl 4-[8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl]furan-2-carboxylate (330 mg, 0.73 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (20 mL) at 0° C. was added LiAH₄ (56 mg, 1.46 mmol, 2.00 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h and then quenched with water (0.06 mL), followed by addition of 15% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (0.06 mL) and water (0.18 mL) in turn. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and then filtered through a pad of celite. The filter cake was washed with THF (2×10 mL). The combined filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to provide 4-[8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl]furan-2-yl)methanol (220 mg, 71%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) m/z 423.2 [M+1]⁺.

Step 4

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of (4-[8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl]furan-2-yl)methanol (220 mg, 0.52 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (20 mL), concentrated hydrogen chloride solution (1.8 mL) and 10% Pd/C (30 mg). The resulting mixture was degassed and purged with H₂ for several times and then stirred for 30 min at rt. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 4% MeCN in water to 24% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% FA) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (29.9 mg, 9%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.23 (s, 2H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 4.20 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.26-3.13 (m, 4H), 2.87-2.78 (m, 6H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.28-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.72 (m, 4H). LCMS (ES) m/z 407.2 [M+1]⁺.

Example 91 Synthesis of N-butyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and 1-butanamine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated and the crude dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-50%% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a white powder (19 mg, 30%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 426.1.

Example 92 Synthesis of 7-[3-(dimethylamino)propoxy]-8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c] quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from [3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]dimethylamine (Intermediate III-13) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 2% MeCN in water to 19% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (98.9 mg, 25%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 5.72 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.79-2.70 (m, 4H), 2.42 (s, 6H), 2.19-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.20 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 358.2.

Example 93 Synthesis of 7-[3-(diethylamino)propoxy]-8-methoxy-N-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from [3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]diethylamine (Intermediate III-14) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μm XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 2% MeCN in water to 18% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (76.3 mg, 21%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 8.21 (s, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 5.70 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.07-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.58 (m, 8H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.20 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.02 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 386.3.

Example 94 Synthesis of N-tert-butyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2-methylpropan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 6 above, except that the reaction solution was allowed to stir at 50° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 3 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM SunFire column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 40% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% FA) to provide the title compound as a gray solid (22.5 mg, 13%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 5.05 (s, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.05 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.59 (m, 4H), 2.17-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.51 (s, 9H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 398.2.

Example 95 Synthesis of N-isobutyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and 2-methyl-1-propanamine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-50% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a white powder (29 mg, 40%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 426.1.

Example 96 Synthesis of N-(cyclobutylmethyl)-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and cyclobutylmethanamine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-50% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a white powder (15 mg, 20%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 438.1.

Example 97 Synthesis of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4)and cyclopropyllmethanamine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-50%% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a white powder (24 mg, 33%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 424.1.

Example 98 Synthesis of 1-(3-{[8-methoxy-4-(oxolan-3-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2-(2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 77 above, except that reaction solution was allowed to stir at 80° C. under N₂ atmosphere overnight. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 15% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound as a light yellow solid (64.1 mg, 27%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 4.17 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.89-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.19 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.08-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.77-2.67 (m, 6H), 2.36-2.16 (m, 4H), 2.04-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.76 (m, 4H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 397.2.

Example 99 Synthesis of N-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (S)-butan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 10% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (32.3 mg, 13%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 5.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.17-3.14 (m, 6H), 3.06 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.79-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.00-2.10 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.17(d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 398.4.

Example 100 Synthesis of N-[(2R)-butan-2-yl]-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (R)-butan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 20% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (29.3 mg, 12%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.74 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.15 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.15 (m, 6H), 3.06 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.83-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.17-2.06 (m, 4H), 1.93-1.84 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.17 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 398.4.

Example 101 Synthesis of N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM X Bridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 17% MeCN in water to 30% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (82.5 mg, 30%) as brown oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.20 (s, 2H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 5.74 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.36-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.09-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.68 (m, 6H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.75 (m, 4H), 0.94 (s, 9H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 412.3.

Example 102 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-[(2-²H)propan-2-yl]-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine hydrochloride

Step 1

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed a mixture of lithio(deuterium)-5-alumane (287.7 mg, 6.85 mmol, 0.50 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL). To the mixture was added N-(propan-2-ylidene)hydroxylamine (1.0 g, 13.68 mmol, 1.00 eq.) dropwise. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 70° C. After cooled to 0° C., the reaction was quenched by addition of sodium sulfate decahydrate (2.0 g). The product was purified by distillation at 1.0 atmosphere, and the fractions at 40-60° C. was collected as the desired product. This desired fractions was dissolved in a solution of 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) that freshly saturated with HCl gas. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 15 min, concentrated under vacuum to give (2-deuterium)propan-2-amine hydrogen chloride as a yellow solid (320 mg, 24%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.14 (br, 2H), 1.19 (s, 6H).

Step 2

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (2-deuterium)propan-2-amine hydrogen chloride, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 20% MeCN in water to 31% MeCN in water over a 9 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound (44.8 mg, 4%) as a yellow semi-solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.26 (s, 2H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 5.72 (s, 1H), 4.11 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.92-2.86 (m, 6H), 2.79-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.20 (s, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 385.2.

Example 103 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-(2-methylpropyl)-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2-methylpropan-1-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 35% MeCN in water over a 7.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) to provide the title compound (179.7 mg, 52%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.56 (s, 1H), 9.77 (br, 1H), 8.49 (br, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.30 (m, 4H), 3.27-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.15 (m, 4H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.91-1.85 (m, 2H), 0.97 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 398.2.

Example 104 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-propyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and propan-1-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 34% MeCN in water over a 7.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) to provide the title compound (126.7 mg, 37%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.54 (s, 1H), 9.80 (br, 1H), 8.53 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.17 (m, 4H), 2.08-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.67 (m, 2H), 0.98 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 384.2.

Example 105 Synthesis of N-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and cyclopropanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 30% MeCN in water over a 7 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) to provide the title compound (122.0 mg, 36%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.63 (s, 1H), 9.83 (br, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 4.21 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.18 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.84 (m, 3H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 4H), 2.08-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.07-1.01 (m, 2H), 0.82-0.77 (m, 2H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 382.2.

Example 106 Synthesis of N-ethyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and ethanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 35% MeCN in water over a 7.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) to provide the title compound (94.7 mg, 29%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.41 (s, 1H), 9.69 (br, 1H), 8.54 (br, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=6.0Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.54 (m, 4H), 3.37-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.17 (m, 4H), 2.08-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.29 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 370.2.

Example 107 Synthesis of N-cyclohexyl-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and cyclohexanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 6 above, except that reaction solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 36% MeCN in water over a 9 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound (358.1 mg, 73%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.69 (s, 1H), 9.86 (br, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.07-4.05 (m, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.12-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.91 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.27-2.20 (m, 4H), 2.05-1.87 (m, 6H), 1.82-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.11 (m, 1H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 424.4.

Example 108 Synthesis of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and cyclopropylmethanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 121. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 36% MeCN in water over a 9 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound (289.4 mg, 59%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.67 (s, 1H), 10.06 (s, 1H), 8.69 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.49-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.23 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.10-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.91 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.24-2.21 (m, 4H), 2.05-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.16 (m, 1H), 0.57-0.52 (m, 2H), 0.39-0.33 (m, 2H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 396.4.

Example 109 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2-(cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 77 above, except that reaction solution was allowed to stir at 80° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 5 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 5% MeCN in water to 25% MeCN in water over a 7.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (143.7 mg, 64%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 4.17 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.38-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.18 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.82-2.73 (m, 6H), 2.23-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.93 (m, 6H), 1.83-1.65 (m, 8H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 395.2.

Example 110 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-cyclohexyl-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 77 above, except that the reaction solution was allowed to stir at 100° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 2 h. The crude product was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10% MeCN in water to 35% MeCN in water over a 9.5 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% TFA) to provide the title compound (121.6 mg, 30%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.97 (br, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 4.28 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.67-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.31 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.33-2.24 (m, 4H), 2.10-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.75 (m, 9H), 1.46-1.31 (m, 3H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 409.3.

Example 111 Synthesis of 1-[3-({8-methoxy-4-phenyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) 1(200 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (5 mL), water (0.5 mL), phenylboronic acid (101 mg, 0.83 mmol, 1.50 eq.), potassium carbonate (153 mg, 1.11 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (64 mg, 0.06 mmol, 0.10 eq.). The mixture was degassed under vacuum and purged with N₂ several times. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at 110° C. under N₂ for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 20-45 μM, 120 g, Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies; gradient elution of 15% MeCN in water to 15% MeCN in water over a 5 min period, 15% MeCN in water to 30% MeCN in water over another 8 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid) to provide the title compound (68.7 mg, 28%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.17 (m, 4H), 2.67 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.63-3.55 (m, 4H), 2.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.70 (m, 4H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z: 403.1.

Example 112 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy]-N-(propan-2-yl)-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine trifluoroacetate

The title compound was made from 4-[3-([4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H, 2H, 3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy)propyl]morpholine (Intermediate III-15) and propan-2-amine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 5. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM, X Bridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 4% MeCN in water to 24% MeCN in water over a 6 min period, where both solvents contain 0.05% TFA) to provide the title compound (251.4 mg, 38%) as a brown oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.41 (br, 1H), 9.91 (br, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.21(s, 1H), 4.41-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.12-3.96 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.93-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.14 (m, 4H), 1.34 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 400.2 .

Example 113 Synthesis of 1-[3-({4-cyclopentyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine hydrochloride

A solution of 1-(3-{[4-(cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl]oxy}propyl)pyrrolidine (Example 83, 110.00 mg; 0.26 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in methanol (5.50 mL) was purged with nitrogen. Palladium on carbon (2.78 mg; 0.03 mmol; 0.10 eq.) was added to the solution and the flask was purged with nitrogen once again. The flask was filled with hydrogen and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir under a hydrogen atmosphere at rt overnight. The crude reaction mixture was filtered over celite and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-50% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% hydrochloric acid) to provide the title compound (88 mg, 80%). LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 424.1.

Example 114 Synthesis of 1-[3-({8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)-propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate III-2) and phenylboronic acid, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 83. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was redissoved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to purification on reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18 XSelect, 5 μM column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 10-50% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% hydrochloric acid) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 432.1.

Example 115 Synthesis of N-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta-[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanamine, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above, except that reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 140° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude mixture was treated with water and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue were redissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 492.1.

Example 116 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

A mixture of N-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate (Example 115, 228 mg, 0.46 mmol) in TFA (0.5 mL) and CHCl₃ (0.8 mL) was allowed to stir at 70° C. for 1.5 hr. The organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residues were dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 342.1.

Example 117 Synthesis of N-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-4) and (2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 115. The crude mixture was treated with water and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue were redissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 520.1.

Example 118 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from N-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate (Example 117) following a procedure similar as described above in Example 116. The crude mixture was treated with water and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The organic volatiles were removed from the crude reaction mixture under reduced pressure, and the residues were dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM XBridge column, 19×150 mm, Waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid (FA)) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 370.1.

Example 119 Synthesis of 3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)propanenitrile formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 3-aminopropanenitrile, (2E)-but-2-enedioic acetate, following a procedure similar as described in Example 3 above, except that BuONa was used in 10.0 equivalents. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a brown syrup. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 395.2.

Example 120 Synthesis of 8-methoxy-N-[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-amine formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethanamine, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 140° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-40% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a light yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 416.2.

Example 121 Synthesis of (1S,3R)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol and (1R,3S)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol (1:1 mixture in form of formate salt) and (1R,3R)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol formate and (1S,3S)-3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol (1:1 mixture in form of formate salt)

The title compounds as two pairs of 1:1 mixture in form of formate salt, were made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 3-aminocyclohexanol, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 140° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide two fractions with desired mass of LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.2. Among them, the fraction came out of the column first was a 1:1 mixture of two isomers, LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.2, which was one of two titled mixtures; the fraction came out of the column second was a 1:1 mixture of two isomers, LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.2, which was the other of two titled mixtures.

Example 122 Synthesis of (1S,2S)-2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol formate

The title compounds was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclohexanol, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 130° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.2.

Example 123 Synthesis of (1R,4R)-4-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclohexan-1-ol formate

The title compounds was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and trans-4-aminocyclohexan-1-ol, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 130° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a white solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 440.2.

Example 124 Synthesis of (1S,25)-2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclopentan-1-ol formate

The title compounds was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 140° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 426.1.

Example 125 Synthesis of (1R,2S)-2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclopentan-1-ol and (1S,2R)-2-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclopentan-1-ol (1:1) mixture as formate salt

The title compounds, as a 1:1 mixture in form of formate salt, was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and cis-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol, following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 140° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compounds as a mixture as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 426.1.

Example 126 Synthesis of 3-({8-methoxy-7-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl}amino)cyclopentan-1-ol formate

The title compound was made from 1-[3-({4-chloro-8-methoxy-1H,2H,3H-cyclopenta[c]-quinolin-7-yl}oxy)propyl]pyrrolidine (Intermediate II-1) and 3-aminocyclopentan-1-ol following a procedure similar as described above in Example 3, except that the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 140° C. under N₂ for 1.5 h. The crude product was treated with water and the organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residues were re-dissolved in DMSO, filtered and subjected to reverse phase preparative HPLC (Prep-C18, 5 μM OBD column, 19×250 mm, waters; gradient elution of 0-25% MeCN in water over a 20 min period, where both solvents contain 0.1% formic acid, flow rate: 20 mL/min) to provide the title compound as a yellow solid. LCMS (ES) [M+1]⁺ m/z 426.1.

Biological Examples Example 1 Determination of G9a Enzymatic Activity Assay

The G9a AlphaLISA assay was used to detect the methyl modifications of a biotinylated histone H3 peptide by the compounds. These modifications are done by the histone methyl transferase activity of the G9a enzyme. The assay consists of reading a chemiluminescent signal at 615 nm; this signal is generated by a laser excitation at 680 nm that transfers a reactive singlet oxygen between the donor beads and acceptor beads. Donor beads are streptavidin conjugated and bind to the biotin on the peptide. Acceptor beads are conjugated with an antibody that recognizes the specific G9a methyl mark on the peptide. If there is a methyl mark on the peptide, the acceptor beads will bind to the peptide. Upon binding, the acceptor beads will be in close proximity (<200 nm) of the donor beads and when the donor beads are excited, the transfer of the oxygen can occur and a strong signal will be generated. If there is no methyl mark, the interaction between beads will not occur and signal will be at background levels.

For the assay, the following buffer was used to set up reactions: 50 mM Tris-HCl pH9, 50 mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween-20 and 1 mM DTT (added fresh prior to starting the reactions). The assay is set up by adding a final concentration of 0.15 nM G9a, 15 uM S-adenosyl-methionine and, 100 nM biotinylated histone 3 peptide (1-21). The reaction is incubated at room temperature for 1 hour, and subsequently quenched by the addition of the acceptor beads (anti-H3k9me2 AlphaLISA acceptor beads, PerkinElmer #AL117) at a final concentration of 20 ug/mL. The acceptor beads are incubated for 1 hour. After 1 hour, the donor beads are added at a final concentration of 20 ug/mL (Alpha Streptavidin donor beads, PerkinElmer #6760002). Donor beads are incubated for 0.5 hours. Both donor and acceptor beads are resuspended in AlphaLISA 5X Epigenetics Buffer 1 Kit (PerkinElmer #AL008) prior to addition to the reaction. All manipulations and incubations with the donor and acceptor beads are done in subdued light. Signal is detected in an EnVision plate reader in Alpha mode (see ACS Med Chem Lett. 2014 Jan. 2; 5(2):205-9. doi: 10.1021/m1400496h. eCollection 2014. Discovery and development of potent and selective inhibitors of histone methyltransferase g9a.)

Percent inhibition was calculated for each compound dilution and the concentration that produced 50% inhibition was calculated. This value is presented as the IC₅₀. The IC₅₀ values for a representative number of compounds of the disclosure are provided below.

TABLE A Cmpd No. (see Cmpd # in Table 1) G9a in (uM) 1 0.031 2 0.029 3 0.015 4 0.04 5 0.15 6 0.027 7 0.045 8 0.04 9 0.69 10 0.19 11 0.27 12 0.52 13 0.042 14 0.19 15 0.19 16 0.11 17 0.21 18 0.11 19 0.057 20 0.14 21 0.62 22 0.003 23 0.003 24 0.006 25 0.005 26 0.004 27 0.006 28 0.006 29 0.009 30 0.008 31 0.009 32 0.022 33 0.012 34 0.010 35 0.012 36 0.009 37 1.3 38 3.0 39 3.0 40 1.3 41 0.50 42 0.52 43 1.70 44 5.8 45 4.3 46 0.26 47 3.1 48 0.97 49 0.046 50 0.24 51 0.88 52 0.34 53 0.043 54 0.048 55 0.32 56 0.46 57 0.21 58 0.17 59 0.23 60 0.21 61 0.14 62 0.12 63 2.3 64 0.50 65 0.74 66 0.22 67 2.0 68 0.11 69 >10 70 0.19 71 1.1 72 0.69 73 1.9 74 0.015 75 0.014 76 0.013 77 0.007 78 0.003 79 0.003 80 0.009 81 0.009 82 0.006 83 0.009 84 1.60 85 0.66 86 >10.0 87 0.15 88 0.003 89 0.14 90 0.60 91 0.007 92 0.059 93 0.39 94 1.4 95 0.07 96 0.10 97 0.084 98 >10.0 99 0.023 100 0.047 101 0.070 102 0.013 103 0.027 104 0.020 105 0.021 106 0.013 107 0.016 108 0.037 109 0.50 110 1.4 111 4.9 112 >10 113 0.006 114 0.17 115 0.009 116 0.006 117 0.36 118 0.018 119 0.11 120 0.075 121 0.073 and 0.16 respectively 122 0.043 123 0.17 124 4.7 125 1.0 126 0.15

Example 2 Fetal Hemoglobin Induction Assay

Cryopreserved bone marrow CD34⁺ hematopoietic cells obtained from healthy adult human donors were used for all studies. A 21 day ex vivo serum free culture system was utilized that consists of two phases. In culture phase I (culture days 1-7), CD34⁺ cells were placed in media containing StemPro-34 complete media (1-glutamine, pen-strep and StemPro-34 nutrient supplement) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 50 ng/ml SCF (HumanZyme, Chicago, Ill.), 50 ng/ml FLT3-Ligand (HumanZyme) and 10 ng/ml IL-3 (HumanZyme). During the first phase of culture (days 0-7), the CD34⁺ cells differentiate into progenitor cell populations that include erythroblasts. After 7 days, the cells were transferred to erythropoietin (EPO; Stemcell) supplemented medium (phase 2; culture days 7-21) which is comprised of the following: StemPro-34 complete medium, 4 U/ml EPO, 3 μM mifepristone (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), 10 μg/ml insulin (Sigma Aldrich), 3 U/ml heparin (Sigma Aldrich) and 0.8 mg/ml holo transferrin (Sigma Aldrich). The Compounds are added during phase 2; days 7-21 to test fetal hemoglobin production (see Blood. 2015 Jul. 30; 126(5):665-72. Inhibition of G9a methyltransferase stimulates fetal hemoglobin production by facilitating LCR/γ-globin looping).

Expression levels of α-, ⊕- and γ-globin genes are assessed by quantitative PCR analyses. HbF protein levels are assessed by the human Hemoglobin F enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Quantitation Kit (Bethyl Laboratory, Montgomery, Tex., USA). Percentages of cells expressing HbF are assessed by flow cytometry analysis. In brief, RNA samples were prepared and complementary DNA was synthesized, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen, Germany). The qRT-PCR analysis of human globin genes was performed using the TaqMan Gene Expression Master.

Formulation Examples

The following are representative pharmaceutical formulations containing a compound of the present disclosure.

Tablet Formulation

The following ingredients are mixed intimately and pressed into single scored tablets.

Ingredient Quantity per tablet mg compound of this disclosure 400 cornstarch 50 croscarmellose sodium 25 lactose 120 magnesium stearate 5

Capsule Formulation

The following ingredients are mixed intimately and loaded into a hard-shell gelatin capsule.

Ingredient Quantity per capsule mg compound of this disclosure 200 lactose spray dried 148 magnesium stearate 2

Injectable Formulation

Compound of the disclosure (e.g., compound 1) in 2% HPMC, 1% Tween 80 in DI water, pH 2.2 with MSA, q.s. to at least 20 mg/mL

Inhalation Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for inhalation delivery, 20 mg of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 50 mg of anhydrous citric acid and 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The mixture is incorporated into an inhalation delivery unit, such as a nebulizer, which is suitable for inhalation administration.

Topical Gel Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical topical gel composition, 100 mg of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 1.75 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose, 10 mL of propylene glycol, 10 mL of isopropyl myristate and 100 mL of purified alcohol USP. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporated into containers, such as tubes, which are suitable for topical administration.

Ophthalmic Solution Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical ophthalmic solution composition, 100 mg of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 0.9 g of NaCl in 100 mL of purified water and filtered using a 0.2 micron filter. The resulting isotonic solution is then incorporated into ophthalmic delivery units, such as eye drop containers, which are suitable for ophthalmic administration.

Nasal Spray Solution

To prepare a pharmaceutical nasal spray solution, 10 g of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 30 mL of a 0.05M phosphate buffer solution (pH 4.4). The solution is placed in a nasal administrator designed to deliver 100 μL of spray for each application. 

1. A compound of Formula (I):

where: Z¹ and Z² are independently C (when R² or R³ is attached thereto), CH, or N; alk is alkylene wherein one or two carbon atoms of the alkylene chain are optionally replaced by NR, O, S, or SO₂ (where R is hydrogen or alkyl), and the alkylene chain is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, and alkoxy, and wherein -alk-R¹ is attached to carbon (a) or (b); R¹ is —NR⁶R⁷ (where R⁶ and R⁷ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxyalkyl), unsubstituted heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, and haloalkylcarbonyl, or spiroheterocycloamino wherein a nitrogen atom of the spiroheterocycloamino is attached to alk; R² is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, or cyano; R³ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, or cyano; R⁴ is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl (optionally substituted with one to nine deuteriums), cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy), cycloalkenyl, phenyl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy), heteroaryl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy), —OR^(d) (where R^(d) is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), or NR^(e)R^(f) (where R^(e) is hydrogen or alkyl, and R^(f) is hydrogen, alkyl, deuterated alkyl, alkylthioalkyl, acyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), wherein the cycloalkyl, the aryl, the heteroaryl, and the heterocyclyl either alone or as part of the cycloalkylalkyl, the aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl and the heterocyclylalkyl in R^(d) and R^(f) are independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(l) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(l) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, and haloalkoxy, and wherein the alkylene of the aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl, the heterocyclylalkyl, and the cycloalkylalkyl in R^(d) and R^(f) is optionally substituted with one to nine deuteriums; X is carbon or nitrogen; and ring B is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one, two, or three heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocycloamino, or 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated heterocyclyl, wherein each of the ring(s) of ring B is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, cyano, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and wherein the compound of Formula (I) is not: 5-aminobenzo[f]1,7]naphthyridine-8-methanamine or 10oxy-8-(morpholinomethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-5-ol; or a salt thereof.
 2. (canceled)
 3. (canceled)
 4. (canceled)
 5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl or 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
 6. (canceled)
 7. (canceled)
 8. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is an unsubstituted 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated heterocyclyl or a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated heterocyclyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is an unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) wherein R^(j), R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
 12. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z¹ and Z² are independently C or CH.
 13. (canceled)
 14. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein -alk-R¹ is attached to carbon (a) and R² is attached to carbon (b).
 15. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the alk in -(alk)-R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—*, —(CH₂)₃—*, —(CH₂)₄—*, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—*, *—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —O—(CH₂)—*, —O—(CH₂)₂—*, —O—(CH₂)₃—*, —OCH₂CH(F)CH₂—*, —OCH₂CH(OCH₃)CH₂—*, or —OCH₂CH(OCF₃)CH₂—*, wherein the * indicates the point of attachment to —R¹.
 16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is —NR⁶R⁷, where —NR⁶R⁷ is amino, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, or diethylamino.
 19. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is an unsubstituted heterocyclyl or a heterocyclyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and halo.
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. (canceled)
 23. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is alkyl, halo, or alkoxy.
 24. (canceled)
 25. (canceled)
 26. (canceled)
 27. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is hydrogen.
 28. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is alkyl.
 29. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is —OR^(d) (where R^(d) is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), wherein the cycloalkyl, the aryl, the heteroaryl, and the heterocyclyl either alone or as part of the cycloalkylalkyl, the aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl and the heterocyclylalkyl in R^(d) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, and haloalkoxy.
 30. (canceled)
 31. (canceled)
 32. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is NR^(e)R^(f) (where R^(e) is hydrogen or alkyl, and R^(f) is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl), wherein the cycloalkyl, the aryl, the heteroaryl, and the heterocyclyl either alone or as part of the cycloalkylalkyl, the aralkyl, the heteroaralkyl and the heterocyclylalkyl in R^(f) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 of R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) wherein R^(g), R^(h), and R^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, and haloalkoxy.
 33. (canceled)
 34. (canceled)
 35. (canceled)
 36. (canceled)
 37. (canceled)
 38. (canceled)
 39. (canceled)
 40. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, hydroxy, and alkoxy.
 41. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
 42. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
 43. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is hydrogen.
 44. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected from compound numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 and 195 as shown in Table 1 or Table 2, or a parent compound of the salt as shown in Table 1 or Table 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the parent compound.
 45. (canceled)
 46. (canceled)
 47. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 48. A method of inhibiting G9a, comprising contacting a cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 49. (canceled)
 50. A method of ameliorating and/or treating a hemoglobinpathy, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof.
 51. (canceled)
 52. A method of ameliorating and/or treating a cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof, wherein the cancer is selected from: a Colorectal Cancer; a Osteosarcoma Cancer; an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL); an Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); an Adrenocortical Carcinoma; a Kaposi Sarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an AIDS-Related Lymphoma (Lymphoma); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; an Anal Cancer; a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor; an Astrocytoma; an Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor; a Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin; a Bile Duct Cancer; a Bladder Cancer; a Bone Cancer (includes Ewing Sarcoma and Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma); a Brain Tumor; a Breast Cancer; a Bronchial Tumor; a Burkitt Lymphoma; a Cardiac Tumor; an Embryonal Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Germ Cell Tumor (Brain Cancer); a Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Cervical Cancer; a Cholangiocarcinoma; a Chordoma; a Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL); a Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML); a Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasm; a Craniopharyngioma (Brain Cancer); a Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma; a Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS); an Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer); an Ependymoma (Brain Cancer); an Esophageal Cancer; an Esthesioneuroblastoma; an Ewing Sarcoma (Bone Cancer); Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor; Eye Cancer; Intraocular Melanoma; a Retinoblastoma; a Fallopian Tube Cancer; a Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; a Gallbladder Cancer; a Gastric (Stomach) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a CNS Germ Cell Tumors (Brain Cancer); an Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor; an Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor; an Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor; a Testicular Cancer; a Gestational Trophoblastic Disease; a Hairy Cell Leukemia; a Head and Neck Cancer; a Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer; a Histiocytosis, a Langerhans Cell; Hodgkin Lymphoma; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); an Intraocular Melanoma; an Islet Cell Tumor; a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor; a Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer; a Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis; a Laryngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Leukemia; a Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell and Small Cell); a Lymphoma; a Male Breast Cancer; a Melanoma; a Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Skin Cancer); a Mesothelioma; a Malignant Mesothelioma; a Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary (Head and Neck Cancer); a Midline Tract Carcinoma involving NUT Gene; a Mouth Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes; Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasms; a Mycosis Fungoides (Lymphoma); a Myelodysplastic Syndrome, a Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasm; a Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal Cancer—Neuroblastoma; a Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; an Oral Cancer; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer and Oropharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); an Ovarian Cancer; a Pancreatic Cancer; a Papillomatosis; a Paraganglioma; a Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Parathyroid Cancer; a Penile Cancer; a Pharyngeal Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Pheochromocytoma; a Pituitary Tumor; a Pleuropulmonary Blastoma; a Primary CNS Lymphoma; a Primary Peritoneal Cancer; a Prostate Cancer; a Rectal Cancer; a Rhabdomyosarcoma (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a Salivary Gland Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Salivary Gland Tumor; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); an Uterine Sarcoma; a Sézary Syndrome (Lymphoma); a Small Intestine Cancer; a Squamous Cell Carcinoma; a Skin Cancer; a Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, Metastatic (Head and Neck Cancer); a Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma; a Throat Cancer (Head and Neck Cancer); a Nasopharyngeal Cancer; an Oropharyngeal Cancer; a Hypopharyngeal Cancer; a Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma; a Thyroid Cancer; an Urethral Cancer; a Vaginal Cancer; a Vascular Tumor (Soft Tissue Sarcoma); a Vulvar Cancer; a Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); and a Wilms Tumor.
 53. (canceled)
 54. A method of ameliorating and/or treating an autoimmune or inflammatory disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is selected from: arthritis, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Crohn's disease, graft-versus-host disease, psoriasis, granulomatous colitis, lymphocyte colitis, collagenous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Coeliac Disease, subepidermal blistering disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, active chronic hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and vasculitis.
 55. (canceled)
 56. (canceled)
 57. (canceled)
 58. (canceled)
 59. (canceled)
 60. (canceled)
 61. (canceled) 